Notesale: Turn your study into money

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Carbon
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Learn about covalent
and ionic and hydrogen bonds
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It 's all contained
within [ Music ] Carbon is willing and interested to bond with lots of different
molecules like hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, or to other molecules of
carbon
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Life is entirely based
on this element
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The little Lewis dot structure
that we use to represent how atoms bond to each other is something that was
created by a troubled mad genius
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It's a tool that was thought
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Instead of sharing electrons atoms just completely wholeheartedly donate or accept
an electron from another atom and then live happily as a charged atom
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Most
common ionic compound in our daily lives is UH salt UH sodium chloride NaCl
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The strength of covalent bonds varies wildly
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Even the sexiest
person you have ever met in your life is just a collection of organic compounds
rambling around
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scientists and
astronomers are always looking out into the universe trying to figure out whether
there is life elsewhere
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, but why do we think that water is necessary for
life
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Water has the
highest cohesion of any nonmetallic liquid
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cohesion is the attraction between two like things,
like attraction between one molecule of water and another of water
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These properties
lead to one of my favorite things about water [UNK] the fact that it can defy gravity
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hydrogen gas as a
distinct substance and to determine the composition of water
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Cavendish only published about 20 papers, but also discovered the density of the
earth
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Cavendish had prediscovered Richter's Law, Ohm 's Law, Coulomb
'slaw, Cavendish 's 4th Law
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they become giant heat sinks that regulate the temperature and
climate of our planet
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It cools you down
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To the point that they break those hydrogen bonds and they
evaporate away
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Biological Molecules - You Are What You Eat: Crash
Course Biology #3
CrashCourse
We're going to talk about the three most important molecules on the Earth
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they are
essential sources of energy and the means of storing that energy
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and he was the first to discover that our stomachs
contained hydrochloric acid
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in the presence of water,
urea gives off ammonia, which is why your Pee smells
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in plants
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it's just a bunch
of glucose molecules bound together
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cows can do
it,, but humans certainly can't
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bread is made up of
starch, the most simple of which is called amylose
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This is because thei r
chemical bonds are mostly nonpolar, and since water despises non -polar
molecules, the two do not mix
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in fact,, it 's exactly like water
and water! And if you 've ever read a nutrition label or seen this thing called the
television, you're probably pretty conversant in the way we classify fats
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omega3 fatty
acids are unsaturated fatty acids that instead of kinking go straight across and so
they 're super bad for you
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steroids have a backbone of four interconnected
carbon rings and can be
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This is
the first time nitrogen has shown up in our food
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by eating foods that are high in protein, we can digest them
down into their base particles, and then use these essential amino acids in building
up our own protein
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go back and reinforce what you've learned today by going back and
watching bits that you feel like you may not have got completely
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Eukaryopolis - The City of Animal Cells: Crash Course
Biology #4
CrashCourse
Animals are made up of your runofthemill eukaryotic cells
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animals can
move around, find shelter and food, find things to mate with all that good stuff
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there is a whole lot going on inside of a
eukaryotic cell
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a city has defined
geographical limits, a ruling government, power plants, roads, waste treatment
plants, a police force, industry
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think fascist italy
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think Kim Jong-il's i mean, think Kim
Jongun 's North Korea
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Do all of their awesome business
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smooth Er acts as a kind of factorywarehouse in the cell city
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The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that lives in its own
doublemembraned, highsecurity compound with its buddy
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The
nucleus makes the laws for the city and orders the other organelles around, telling
them how and when to grow, what to metabolize, what proteins to synthesize and
how to divide
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the mitochondria are smooth, oblong organelles where the amazing
and superimportant process of respiration takes place
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The coolest thing about mitochondria is that long ago animal cells did n't have
them, but they existed as their own sort of bacterial cell
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One of these
things ended up inside of an animal cell, probably because the cell was trying to
eat
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but instead of eating it, it realized that this thing was really smart and
good at turning food into energy and it just kept it
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and we will do our
best to make things more clear for you
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Membranes & Transport: Crash Course Biology #5
CrashCourse
The sodiumpotassium pump was discovered in the 1950s by a Danish medical
doctor named Jens Christian Skou,
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he published his findings on this pump in 1957
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, Skou was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
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There are three different ways that this
happens
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There is still yet another way that stuff gets inside of cells, and this also
requires energy
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If you are at
all confused
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This is totally, pretty complicated stuff we 're dealing
with right now
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Have any questions, of course,, we 'll be down
below in the comments and on Twitter and Facebook as well
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they 're way cooler than us because they do n't require all kinds of hot
pockets and fancy coffee drinks to keep them going
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Eukaryotic cells are way
more advanced than prokaryotic cell
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animal cells, plant cells, algae cells and algae cells are all of the popular kids
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they control themselves in very
similar ways
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cellulose is
a far more complex structure than you will generally find in a prokaryotic cell
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The
combination of lignin and cellulose is what makes trees grow really, really freaking
tall
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Plastids are organelles that plants use to make and store compounds that they
need
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plant cells can push water into vacuoles, which provides turgor pressure
from inside the cell, which reinforces the already stiff cellulose wall and makes the
plant rigid
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plants have unique features that make it possible
for plants to put food on our table and air in our lungs
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This is basically the
headquarters of any eukaryotic cell [UNK]
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ATP & Respiration: Crash Course Biology #7
CrashCourse
Dr
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He uses an analogy from
sports: "I'm doing this because science"
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It takes six molecular
compounds of glucose to produce energy
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This produces ADP
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The third step is called the Krebs cycle, which involves the breakdown of
all the molecules of glucose into two different Pyuvic acid-like compounds
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Now that we know how much our body
uses every day, Doctor Barlow wants to give you a quick rundown on how much

each cell makes
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We're not going to waste any more
time here, so go ahead and join us in this fun little experiment by checking back in
on our progress
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you would be dead
without plants and their magical Nay, scientific ability to convert sunlight, carbon
dioxide and water into glucose and pure, delicious oxygen
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the process was developed 450 million years ago and
actually rather sucks
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this
kicks off stage one of the lightdependent reactions proving that nearly all life on
our planet is fusionpowered
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this
reaction is the reason that we can breathe
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Someone says that they do
n't like it when there are chemicals in their food, please remind them that
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The Calvin cycle begins in the stroma, the empty space in the chloroplast, if you
remember correctly
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Yeah, we 're
about to fix a Co2 molecule onto our starting point
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they occur in the day along
with the rest of the reactions, but they do n't require energy from photons
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This enzyme was called
Rubisco, and it wasn't particularly good at its job,, but it was a heck of a lot better
than just hoping to run into some chemically formed organic carbon, so the
organism just made a ton of it to make
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not
only did the little plant stick with it, it took over the entire planet
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3 rubps that we started with
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only one of those G3ps gets to leave the cycle
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and that is how plants turn
sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into every living thing
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Heredity: Crash Course Biology #9
CrashCourse
The study of heredity is ancient,, but the first ideas about how the goods
are passed on from parents to kids were wrong
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Gregor Mendel was the first
person to really start studying genetics in a modern way
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a gene is a
section of DNa in a specific location on a chromosome that contains
information that determines a trait
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A
physical trait is a reflection of a bunch of different genes working together
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when that
happens, in Mendel 's honor, we call it a Mendelian trait
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we inherit one version of
the earwax gene from each of our parents
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Mendel discovered
that when there are two alleles that decide the outcome of a specific trait,
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Mom
got one from Nanny and one from Paw Paw
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Punnett invented the Puninett square as a way to diagram the
outcome of a cross-breeding experiment
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the gene affects how wet your ear wax is and
how much you stink
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certain genetic traits are linked to a person 's sex and are passed on
through the sex chromosomes
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so if you're balding, you can go ahead and blame it on
your maternal grandmother or your maternal greatgrandfather
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's work may have led to her early death of ovarian cancer at the age of 37
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[UNK] Strand as a template to b uild
a new molecule
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Helicase unwinding the double helix at breakneck
speeds
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[UNK] replication gets it wrong about one in every
10 billion nucleotides
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The last thing we want is an A when it would have been a G!
Considering how tightly packed [UNK] is
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DNA, Hot Pockets, & The Longest Word Ever: Crash
Course Biology #11
CrashCourse
Today we're going to be talking about DNa and how it unleash chemical Kun g fu to
synthesize proteins just like this
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We'll talk about DNa transcription
and translation, which is how we get made into delicious things
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each transcription unit has a sequence just above it in the strand that defines where
the transcription unit is going to begin
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the RNa polymerase binds to the DNa at that Tata
box, and begins to unzip the doublehelix
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helps the RNa version of the bases floating around in the nucleus
find their match
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instead
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as it moves, the
enzyme rezips the DNa behind it and lets our new strand of messenger RNa Peel

away
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The good stuff that gets spliced together are called exons because they'll
eventually be expressed
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the material in the introns will stay in the nucleus and get recycled
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the ribosome reads the mrna three letters at a time
each set called a triplet codon
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each amino acid gets connected to the previous amino acid starting a
polypeptide chain
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one amino acid
covalently bonded to another, and that one to another, in a single file
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than that
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Like to sometimes form bonds on the side hydrogen bonds to the oxygens
on amino acids a few doors down
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we also
find several kinked strands laying parallel to one another, called pleated sheets
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it does n't work on cell phones, I apologize for that
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Mitosis: Splitting Up is Complicated - Crash Course
Biology #12
CrashCourse
all of life stems from cells' ability to reproduce themselves
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if you get a cut, your body needs to make new cells
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This process is so central to your life that it will take place in your body
over your lifetime
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each cell has 46 chromosomes
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it has all of the instructions
necessary for making the cell survive, so you don't need to duplicate the whole cell
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while the
chromosomes are forming, the nuclear envelope gets out of the
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and the centrosomes peel away from the nucleus, and start heading

to opposite ends of the cell
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The
chromosomes then begin to be moved around,, and this seems to be being done
by molecules called motor proteins
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Mitosis was first observed by a German biologist by the name of Walther Flemming
in 1878
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The most recent contribution to this research was made by a
postdoctoral student named Tomomi Kiyomitsu at mit
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crash course will
be talking about how eggs and sperm are formed next week
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we're
going to talk about meiosis, which is the process of meiosis
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instead, half of your DNa in each
of your cells is from your mom and half from your dad
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Meiosis: Where the Sex Starts - Crash Course Biology
#13
CrashCourse
If sexual reproduction begins with sex cells, the sperm and the egg, where do the
sperm come from
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And why are my brother John and I are different
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most of your cells your body cells can clone themselves through the
process of mitosis
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NK] meiosis
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each is genetically distinct from the others
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meiosis prophase I
includes two additional and very important steps
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Each chromosome is linked to its duplicate copy to make an
xshaped double chromosome
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Unlike in Mitosis,
where all the copies end up the same, here, every copy is going to be different from
the rest
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The final phase of the first round rolls out in pretty much the same way as mitosis
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th e chromosomes
fray out back into chromatin
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from one original cell with 46 chromosomes to four new cells with 23

single chromosomes each
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All four resulting cells are the same
size, but they each have slightly different genetic information
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this big old fat, remaining cell becomes the egg, with more of the nutrients
that it will take to make a new embryo

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