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Introduction

ERIC JOR1NK AND AD MAAS
The Dutch Republic is known as an early adopter of Isaac Newton's natural philosophy
...

Newton's success on the Comment was largely effected by Dutch scholars who supported hi> work
al an early stage
...
is largely devoted to the perception
of Newton’s ideas the Dutch Republic
...
from the
publication of his magnum opus Philosophiae mrturtrh
...

Despite lhe importance of the Dutch Republic in the history of Newtoniani 、 m , surprisingly
linle research has been done in this field
...
The
introduction t>f Ncwiomanism to lhe Netherlands in 1715 is usual ly considered the logical next
step towards modem science : from Aris totclianism , via Cartesianism towards Ncwiomanism
...
the appearance of Newtonian physics in the academic curriculum in
1715-1717 was inevitable , as was the increasing popularity of the man himself
...
Eulogies of' this miraele of
our age are found not only in scientific texts
...

In this volume
...
and lo highlight a number of protagonists and underlying patterns relevant to
Newton's success
...
wc will argue that ‘Newtonianism’ in the Dutch context was not a stablc
...
The dissemination of Newton was a
many-sided and complex process, in which natural philosophy
...

As this book shows, lhe ’Newtonianism' constructed by Dutch natural philosophers appears to
be anything but a itxcd and clearly defined sei of scientific concepts
...
, in practice did noi embrace New-lon’s natural
philosophy completely
...
lhe Dutch 'Newtonians* mostly used Newton's ideas in a selective
or even defective manner
...
Morcovcr
...
Studying
Ncwtonianisni
...
It is no
surprise that many of the authors in this book arc intrigued by the ’f(>ggy',intangible chanarler of
Dutch Ncutonianisin
...
and the way thv man himself was put on the map
...
As they show
...
Io a large
extent molded by an already existing tradition of empirical research and by a Protcsiani naturul
theology which gave the studyof nature a strong religious connotalion
...
In the second half of lhe
eighteenth century an increasing terminological vagueness became apparent
...
'phy> 14;o-lhwlogy' und nuluritl theology,
all uf whivh roughly dotribcd the same scl of ideas, values and practices
...

A particularly pcnctniting insight into the selective way in which Newton's ideas were adopted
is provided by Eokko Jan Di|kstcrhuis in chapter 6
...
Newton’s
book about his optical experiments and views (first published in 1704)
...
has little to say on worldviews and
religion, provides a revealing look inlo lhe practical use of Newton's work
...
For Fahrenheit the Opficks proved
useful for his pursuits in telescope making, while Ten Kate even aimed to correct Mime elements
of Newton's optics with his own experiments, because they did not ft his own theories
...
How 'Newtonian, then, were these
scholars actually? Dijksterhuis

2

Anson
...
De Vrycr died in
1748 as a broker in Amsterdam
...
For Dcsagulicrs tour m Holland, see: MJ
...
De gcnccskundc cn
natuurwetensehappen binnen de Rnltcrdamsc gclccrdc gcncK»lschap- pen uil de I He ecuw',
TijclschriH voor de gcschicdcnis dcr gcnceskundc, naluur^'ctcn^chappen, wiskundc cn
technick I (197*0
...
14-22 and 124-143; and Zuidcrvaart, Konst^cnotcn (note 69>
...
bom around 1662 in La Rochelle
...
Jean had fled to
England in 1692
...
I lenri probably had
settled around the same lime as an acvountanf in Amsterdam, where on 18 December 1700 he
married Elisabeth Hogucl (1677-1731)
...
From 1701 onwards he published
several books on accounting as well as on navigation
...

fi>r in July of that year his、«»n Card Hendrik Desaguliers (* 1704) placed an advertiscincnt
in the Amslerdamschc eouruntxaling (hal he would continue the mathematics lessons given by
his deceased taiher
...
one of the publishers from lhe Vis wit a major company and
in 1738 one of the publisher of Voltaire's Elcmcns de la philosophic de Mewton
...

Zuidervaart, Konstgenoten (note 69>
...
448 and 472; and P
...
J
...
allassen, globes c
...
in /Xmsterdamsc kninten
...
352 and 6o5
...
B
...
lhe religious philosopher, translated trom the Dutch by Joi Chamberlayne,
wvith a prcfhlory letter by J
...
Desaguliers (London 171X-17I9); W
...
S Gravesande, The
mathetnatical element ofnalural phailosoply confirmed by expenmtnu
...
h
...

I 13
...
'Th
...
Eent begryp van de mcchantsehc cn cxpcrincntclc philosophic
...
hocwvcl onervaren in de wisk undine dense happen in slaal were! gextelL om lc
vetsluan de verscheidcne (phaenomcna Iveischynsclcn of ucrkingcn
...
Thc only known copy is in the Municipal Library of RoUerdam
...
16
...
A
...
'John
121
...
Klinkcnbcrg
...
die /ich in den jaarc 1757 of 1758
...
Halley, cn andcrc stcnckundigcn
...


Verhanddingen, 11gvgeeven door de llollandM ； h« MaaUvhappij dcr Wctenschappcn 2
55

(I7S5>
...
275-3IK
...
C
...
WalT
...
1755-1759
...
J
...
Thrower ...
PP
...
Konstgenoten (note 69)
...
Schim
...
die ccriang ver-wagt wort, cn in *l|aar
16X2 vcrschecncn u
...
uitgegeeven dour de Hollandschc Maaischappij dcr
WctcriM:happen 4 (I758>, PP
...
Interestingly, in February 1759 the Ckrman
maihcnutician Johann Friedrich Hcnncrl
...
comniunicatvd Schim's
rvsulh to lhe Frciwh nuilhcinatician Alcxis-t'laudc Clairuul, who was also engaged in u large
calculating project Io estimate the comet’s perturbations
...
Cf
...
PP
...

124
...
Petrus van Musschcnbnx;k (note 1)
...
Van Mussvhcnbrock to Newton
...
Published in: Hall,Hurt her Newton
correspondence’ (note 28)
...
7-34
126
...
A
...
de Htuin
...
1599-lSu (Hardersijk I960); idem
...
Blom ct al
...
PP
...
II
...

Galama
...
1585-181 (Eranckcr 1954)
...
Sassen
...

127
...
de I’atcr
...
Tijdschnt voor de geschicdems dcr geneeskumk
...
141-162; Schuurman, Ideas, metilal facullics and
mclh(xl (m»te X5)
...
E
...
'ln vonllict mcl de GrufiingbC ihcol-ogcn* in J
...
Bcn complexe
gruothcid
...
I667-I74K < Utrecht 1995)
...
4Q-6X:
li
...
Krop
...
A
...
Vanderjagt ...
beewfening
van de tiloMtHe in (ironingen van 1614 tot I91>6 (llilvcrsum 1997)
...
G
...
Kemkamp
...
vrocdschapsrirsoluiicn cn andcrc bcschcidcn
bctrcfTcndc de Ulrcchtsc Acadcmie
...


vol
...
P
...
llakfoorl
...
natuurv den sc happen, wiskundc cn lechnick 5( 1982)
...

27-38
...
P
...
'Science at court: the eighteenth-century' cabinet of scientific instruments and
rruxicls of the Dutch stadholders*
...
I 13-152
...
Van Musschcnbrock to Newton
...
Published in: Hall
...
Pp
...

132
...
Vermij
...
ulofs ah vcrtcgcnwoordigcr van hcl ncwtonianntmc in de rcpublick’
...
Tydschrift voor de gcMzhicdcnis dcr gcnccskundc
...

133
...
I lackman
...
Dchnwk (cds)
...
pp
...

134
...
published m thcMrcond half of th«
century, invludcd (ohn Newberry], Philosophic dcrtollcn cn ballcn oihet NewtoniiUinsche
zamenstcl van wysbcgccrlc[
...
De ncwtomaansche wysbegeerte voor de vrouven
...
de klcuren cn de aantrekkingskragt (Amsicrdam n
...
[c
...

For lhese and other I runslations of experimental philosophy, see: M R Wielcma,"Christiaan
WoliT in hcl Nederlands
...
< ； cschiedenis van de ijsWcgeeile in Nederland I (1990)
...
55-72; idem
...
In 1736 Petrus van Musschcnbrock dedicated his
Bcginscls dcr nutuurkundc to Van Mollcm
...
Van dcr Star
...
’Lettre
...
PP
...
See in more detail
the eontribulion of Fokko Jan Dijk- sterhuis to this volume
...
The text of the pru*>peetus of Fahrenheit's lessons ti)r 1721-1722 is published by E
...
A
...
Cohcn-Dc Mcenter,"DamCl Gabriel Eahrcnhcit (gcb
...
1736)
...
1-58; [part)
II
...
PP 1-11
...
Cf
...
Zuidervaarl
...
Het kahmet van tlosvti^chc
in^trumenten van de doupbgczindv kwcckbchvollc Amslcrdam
...
Gena, tijdschnft
voor de gcschicdcnis dcr gcnccskundc
...
wiskundc cn technick 29 (2006)
...
81-112
...
new series S4 (2008), PP- 63-104
...
I
...
This book was reissued
with an altered title page in 1763
...

109
...
was a Mennonite mcrchanl
...
possibly, a 'vcniiancr'
(preacher)
...
Pieter van der Klool
...
ln the late 173os De Vrycr moved to Amsterdam where he adapted two disputed
hiographics: the Histori van Francois Eugenius
...
hertog van Marlborough cn pnns van Mindelheim
...
both published by J
...
Roman de jonge
...
De Vrycr's work was
tierecly attacked by the Delft publisher Reimer Uoitet
...
13 February
1737
...
page xvi
...
In 1736 Pctnis van Musschenbrock dedicated his
Bcginscls dcr naluurkundc to Van Mollem
...
’Lettre
...
PP
...
See in more detail
(he contribution of Kokke Jan Dijk- Mcrliuts to this volume
...
The (ext of the pr»»>pcctus of Fahrenheit's lesson?* for 1721-1722 is published by E
...
A
...
Cohcn-Dc Mecster/'Damel Gabriel Fahrenheit (geb
...
overt
...
1736)
...
Pp
...

Chcmisch wcck-blad 34(1937>
...
l-ll
...
Cf
...
J
...
Mcest allc van best mahonichout vervaardigd
...
1761-1828
...
natuurwetcnschappcn
...
81-112, rpt in: Doopsgczmdc bijdragcn, new series 34 (2008)
...

108
...
Newton
...
cn in ecnc naauv-kcurigc lydordc
gcplaatst: benevens ccmc kortc kronyk xan de ccrstc bek-ende gcbcurtcni^scn in Europe, lol de
veroven ng van Pcn»itf door Alcxandcrdcn Groocen < Delft 1737)
...
The Dutch edition was already announced m the Lcydsiclie
courant of 29 October 1736
...
Abraham de Vr>cr from Delft, the Dutch translator of Neulon’s De historic dcr aloude
volkercn opgeheIdcrt
...
possibly, a 'vermaner'
(preacher)
...
Pieter van der Kloot
...
in the late 173os De Vrycr moved to Amsterdam where he adapted I wo disputed
biographies: the Ilhtori van Francois Eugeniu**
...
hertog van Marlborough cn prins van Mindelheim
...
both published by J
...
Roman de jongc
...
Rcizc rondsom de wcrrcld, gedaan in
dc^ttaren 1740 tot 1744 (Amsterdam 1748), published by Isaac Tirion
...
See: the Lcydschc courant, 13
February 1737, and iht 'Opdragi aan de Ntdcrlandschc bockhandvlaan>'
...
PP 165-203
...
p
...
who cites a printed announcement (bckcnlnukingc)
...


I l4
...
Konslgcnolen (now 69)
...
71-77
...
HJ
...
'Science for the public: the translation of popular texts on
ex per itnen till philosophy in the Dutch language in niid-cighiccnth ceniur/
...

Stockhorst (ed
...
New Yoric 2OIO)
...
251-262
...
pp
...
Zuidenaart
...
See also: idem, Cabinets for cxpcnmcntal philosophy
in the Nelherlands
...
Bennett and S
...
Making science public tn ISth-ccntuiy
Europe: thlc role of cabinets of cxpcnmcntal philosophy (provisional titlel
...
vol
...

H7
...
Struyck to J
...
de risle
...
Corr
...
ll
...
34)
...
N
...
Inlciding tot de algcmccn-c geographic, bene vens eemge slcrrekundigc cn
andcrc vcrhandclingcn (AmMerdain 1740)
...
B
...
The Dutch translation of 1750 was edited by Nicolaas Struyck
...
Dirk Klinkcnbcrg and Jacob
de Bucqoy
...
VareniuM 1650)
...
Zuidenaurt, Konstgcnolcn (note 69): idem
...
stadsarchilect van
Midddburg
...
PP
...
Specnlatic
...
Fysica cn
asln>nomic volgcns Wylze Foppes Dtingjuma (1707-1778)
...

observations
...
Van Swinden insisted on a sound combination of rationalism and
cmpirici'im for investigaling naturc
...
teleological order
...

This book maintains that even the three Leiden professors who became the figureheads of
Newtonlamsm throu^boul Europe — Herman Bocrhaavc
...
Rina
KnocIT elaborate! tn chaplcr 3 that I Icrtnan Bocrhxivc • the lire! who openly supported

Newton in an academic orsition hardly used Newton’s mechanical philosophy at all in his
medical work
...
As lie later in his career became increasingly skeptical about lhe uscfulttcsi of the
mechanical mcihod for medicine, he no longer referred to the 'mathematical* Newton, but
rather to his chemistry
...
Knoeff concludes thal
although Hoerhaave wa> inspired by Newtonian methods, he was at the same time critical
about Newtotfs results
...
with its etnpha^ on non-meehantcal
powcr> in the body even caused a decline of Newtonian medicine from the I74üb onward»
...
the most intlucniiul dt»cminuk>r of Newtons ıdcaü tn (he fr>t
decades of the eighteenth century
...
As
...
Mau<; suggests that by
dissociating Newton's natural philosj^ihy from the metaphysical and theological concerns that
had worried Ncwlon's early Dutch followcrs
...

Kecs de Pater suggests tn chapter 5 that in the ease of Petrus van Musschcnhroek
...
there
is a marked discrepancy between rhetoric and scicntiGc practice
...
As De Pater concludes, the limits of this approach
ends IMS article by vailing inlo question the usefulness of the term 'Newtonianism’, which he
considcrcrs too ambiguous, to illuminate historical dcvclopmcnts
...

NcsMoniamsm” is
...

Another chapter that discusses lhe nature of Dutch Newtonianism is lhe analysis of it5
intellectual dimension by Rienk Verm»j (chap ...
Vermij identifies a common projccl
...

This project' had an important impact on the interpretation and perception of Newton’s ideas by
Dutch scholars
...
The presumption that the universe wa> directed by a set of CICTIKII and
immulublc laws of nature could lead to a deterministic worldview in which God’s role wa>*
marginalized
...
\’«mnij argues, were nol philosophical matters as sueh
...
How could lhe supcmalural events of the Scriplurc he bnuight in
accordance with new scientific developments? I;rom Newton's natural philosophy a worldview
could be derived in which the world depended directly on (iod’s benevolence
...
on the other hand, supcmalural events were no longer
considered credible in diiily life
...
The nsc of such a comprehensive academic
Newtonianism was unique to the Nelhcrlands
...
which in particuliir found expression in physico-theological writings
...
pro!\^s()r al Franckcr and AmMerdam
...
special issue on Newton's Principia and its legacy, edited by
D G- King-tlclc and A
...
Hall < I9K«>
...
13-34
...
14-15
...
liluygens ...
niisMchicn gcMicn hebben’t geen onlanghs dacnan gcschrcvcn i* door den Professor
Newton in sijn boeck gcnacml Philosophise Naturalis principia Mathcmalica
...
Eor example, we
do not know if he owned a copy of rhe Pnncipia
...
On
lluddc, see: R
...
BIJdrage tot tie bio-bibliograGc van Johannes lluddc
...

Tijdschrift voor de ^cschicd-cnis dcr gcnccskundc, naluurv dense happen, wiskundc cn
tcchiek 18 (1995 >,PP-25-3525
...
Oevres completes de Christiaan Huygens publiccs par la Socictc
Hollandaise des Sciences
...
vol
...
p
...


26
...
Lxpcrimcnlcllc Nalurlchrc an dcr
UiiivcrsUtSl Leiden
...

27
...
BriMnncn (note 14), vol
...
P
...

28
...
In
J6H4 De Voider wrote a letter of introduction for Johann Christopher Zimmerman, a nephew
of his colleague in theology, Christoph Winich It was the same Zimmerman who in 1687
transported Newton’s prv^cnlulion copy of the Principia to Lkr Voidcr
...
Bunnan discussed the
lra|cctory of comet» with thu great mathematician, and received from Newton a personal Idler
of rccommctKlation to lidmund Halley
...
De Voider lo Ncwlon, 24 November 16X4 and 14
Augusl J6R7
...
Rupert 1 lull
...
Notes
and rword» of the Royal Swicty of London 37;I (I982)
...
7-34
...
J J-12
...
Capcdosc
...
V
...
M
...
PP
...
21 and 37
...
E
...
Mayor
...

314-J1576
...
Th
...
PI*
...
Noordegraaf and M
...
"Lambert ten Kale and
Linguisttcs*
...
Acnleiding to< de kewntssc van het verheven deel der Nederduitse
sprakc
...
2-32;IL
...
Dcnkbccldig schoon
...
L
...
ter opbouv va ecrbicdigcn godbdienM
...

78
...
, page no “2/t
...
Ibid
...
••2r-**2/v
...

80
...

81
...
Boerhaave's Orations (note 3)
...
160-162
...

Ibid
...


X3
...
van Sluis, /lerma Alexander Röcl) (Lccuuarden/Ljouwcrt l ...
Beils
...
In many aspect*
...

85
...
see; C
...
Wclzijn
...
Schuurman
...
pP
I2M-I55X6
...
a Lxiden Walloon minister,
who was uppoinlcd a lector in mulhematics anti philosophy in 1705,
65
...
La Roche was the
editor of (he Bibliolh^quc un^lutsc
...
In his review he also announced the Dutch printing,
which would be executed by the publisher Henri du Sauzet in The Huguc
...
tor which Jean Lc Clcrc
had recommend- cd Des Maizcaux as lhe Unglibh correspondent
...
In I74o an
elaboruted reprint was istsued by François Changuhwi
...
CC
Van Eeghen
...
vol
...
PP
...
M
...

"De ’Nouvelles Itttcraircs': ccn spraaktnakend dcbuul van ccn jongc uilgcvcr
...
TS:
lijdschrift vr «ijdschnfMudics S (2000>
...
1-20
...
-F
...
"Early
eighteenth-century Ncwionianism: the I lugucnot contribution'
...
353(2(X>4>
...
533-5-4K
...
539
...
O
...
Lankhorsl
...
Documcn tat i eb lad werkgroep
achtticndc ccuw I8(I9H6)
...
143-164
...
145
...
Vun Keghen
...
vol
...
p
...

68
...
I lei journal litt«Srairc (note 64)
...


f»9
...
Bots and J
...
’De fyüico-thcologic tn het Joural hteraire: llaagM：jcMimali^len len stri
jdc legvn het ongcloof
...

2l3-22<»
...

70
...
pp
...

71
...
»Her the preface, u vignette is printed with a cartouche which contains lhe
printer murk '4 G
...
published by J
...
aRer
the ’bladwijscf, before page 1
...
R
...
183200
...
185-IS6; Cf Anitu (lucrinni
...

Medical history 31 (1987)
...
70-83
...
P
...
Hoftijzcr
...
PP
...

31
...
see E
...
van Miert (cds>
...
Vossius’ copy is still in Leiden, shelf number
369Dlg
...
There arc no: indicationb that VosMUb ever read the b«M>k
...
Z
...
Mcrtwdrdigc Reisen durch Nicdcniachscn
...
(I71IJ ...
3
...
472
...
Vermij, 'AmMerdam mathematical amateurs' (note 29)
...
J
...
M Slenders
...
1555-1800
(Nijmegen 1989): J
...
Rupp
...
263-287; idem
...
culturclc
centra in het Nederland van de n7c ecuw'
...
Klockand W
...
Mijnhardt
...
de puxluctie
...
pp 13-36: 11
...
Zuidenaart
...
Ecn mcdisch-wctcn- schappchjk en
cullurccl con verge nt icpunl in ccn vroege slcdclijkc context'
...
PP 73-140
...
J
...
M
...
Ecn wegbereider va de Noordned crlandsc
Vcrlichting (Amsterdam I98o): B
...
Sliggers
...
Wiechmann (cd
...

I75O-1K37 (llaarlctn 1987), PP 67-102
...
On Makreel
...
'Atnsterdom mathematical amateurs’ (note 29)
...
see:
1
...
Landkaartschrijvers en landvcrdclcrs
...
16551717)
...
On Nicuwcntijt
...

37
...
The Principia and connncn(ul maihcmaticianf (no(c 23»
...
25-26
...
See
...
van der Wall
...
Uiiig the B*x»k of Nnlure

5)
...
(Adrukin Piclcn»z Vender), t Moin-acmichl der athci^icry algcrukt doo' ten verhandding van
den aengeboren Mand der moi sc hen
...
J )ccn gr«)ndigc ucdcrlcgging L] van de
gchlcclc «cde-konsi, van Bcncdiciu» de Spinoza (AmMerdam 16X3)
...
University Library Utrecht, shelf mark N I (MM
...
[Vcrucr|
...
p
...
Amsterdam niathcma(ical
amn(cur<(m*tc 29)
...
193
...
Vertnij
...
PP
...
I The quote is from a
letter by Verucr (explaining (he formulae) to Gregory January 1703
...
MJ
...
Frans Icm^lerhuis
...
P
...

44
...
'AmslcriLim mathematical amateur»' (note 29)
...
H
...
"Nculonianism and religion in the Netherlands'
...
losophy of science 35 (2004)
...
493-514
...
S
...
“Newton and cightccnth-ccnlvry Christianity*, in: LB
...
E
...
The Cambridge companion to Nowlofi (Cambridge 2002k PP
...

47
...
As Mantle I hixMe points out, versions of the man u senpt circulated after Le Clere's

death in 1736
...
inaccurate, edition the I vo Letters of Sir
Isaac Newton Io Mr
...
Sec: Le Clcrc to Locke,11 Apnl 1691, in: M
...
Smu (cds), Episiohrio
...
50-52
...
Cf
...
Jorink
...
van der Meer and
bcingpromotcd to full professor in I7l2
...

X7
...
’s Grave Miitde
...
14
...
lb idem
...
16
...
’s Grave«amic, Phy^iccs (1719-1721)
...
I
...
sig *3
...
Engclinan, Wiskundige ^rondbcginsclcn dcr natuurkund« [
...
Voorredc:’AI wic de schriften [
...
zal naulyks in twvyfcl kunen trekken, of met dicn naam worden gchccl
vcrschillcndc wetcnschappcn bedodd, tcrwyl ze alien voorgeven dcvvaarc oirzaak dcr
naiuurlyke vcr\chyn*clcn tc onvouucn On kngelman
...
van Raak, De snccuwihcologic van
Jan Engel man
...
PP- 99-116
...
P
...

1660-1750 (Rollcrdain 1997)
...
73-102
...
G
...
Sutton
...
PP
...

92
...
E
...
The Hnlighienment of Jowrph I’riolley: a siudy in hi、life and work from 173J
to 1773 (University Park, PA 1997), P
...

93
...
Wcl/ijn
...
p
...
TWO translations were made by fonner students of's Gravexinde: a French translation by
Elie de Joncourt
...
was issued in 1743-1 ?46 and a Dutch translation by
Jan Engclnian
...
was
published in 1743
...
This is perhaps» an indication of a
lack of interest in the malhc- matical approach of Newtomanism among most Dutch

enthusiasms
...
'& Gravesande to Newton
...
Published tn: Hall, Further Ncuion OMTe 、
p4,ndcncc’ (note 28)
...
7-34
...
32
...
Vennij, The Calvinisl Copericans (note 11), p
...

56
...
PP
...

57
...
CîuerliM:
...

5X
...
B
...
MA I97X)
...
246-247
...

59
...
pP
...

60
...

61
...
(2)Jan Wollcrs tor his stepson Joannes
Pauli
...
Wctstcin,(4)lcndrik Sclictic, (5) Jaques Dcsbordcs
...

(7) Picteric Coup
...
(9> Pierre Brunel und (Io) PierTC Humbert
...
Cf
...
De Aniblcrdaınsc bockluıııdvI (noteS I、
...
51
...
326-327
...
OIK of th< Amblcrdum mem ben» of like Vis unita major publishing company, Etienne Roger,
died in 1722, before lhe delivery of his share in the second pirated edition of Ncwion'M
Principiu
...
Van Eeghen has shown that in 1722 (burtccn
publishers were united in the Vis unita major company
...
050
copies tor the second printing
...
which with the same share - makes an esliniatcd print run of 750 copies
...
000 copies; the editio pnneeps of I6K7 had a print run
between 250 and 4(>(l
...
Van I:c^hcn
...
vol
...
p
...
vol
...
PP- 326- 327, and Cohen
...
pp
...

63
...
'Pro Ncwionc cl rcli|>io-ne* (note 54) pp
...

64
...
part 2
...
145; see also: L
...
İllet journal
littcraırc

de

La

I

la

ye

(1713-1723)
...


de

uilwvcmiiKC

gc&chicdcnis

van

ccn

Principia has a feu nu»rc xigncltc* than the 1714 edition
...
the la Kt page contuin*
u vignctlc rcprc«cnltng an unidentified coat of arm» with three rising chevrons
...
published by lhe widow of J
...


Pauli
...
719
...
In 1732 Nicolau% Struyck edited on his own the fihh edition of S
...
Truilc general du
commerce (Amsterdam», aux depen 、 de la compagnlc
...
who>c >on and
successor with lhe n«mc was one of IIK members of this publishcn
...
This fourth
edition had been edited by the Amsterdam mathematician Icnn Desaguliers
...
pwhahly already with the a、
M、lancc of Nicolaus Slruyck, who at lhal lime was established as a Icacbcr of mathematics and
account i n|；
...
H
...
Zuidcrvaart
...
arly quanti Gcal ion of M：icntitic knowledge: Nicohns
Slruyck (16X6-1769) a 、 collector of empirical gathered data*, in: P Klep and III
...
The Ktuiisltcal mind in a pre-ktatKtical era: the Nether la nd^
...
pp
...
N
...
N
...
4 April 1722: Par ccllc occasion)ai aussi dccon- verte des faults dans
1c IIVTC de Mr
...
c Protcwwur »'(iravesande (qui CM Membre de La
Soctcld Royalc de rAnvIclerre) aura Ic win
...


Corr
...
II
...
4"
...
l1 J
...
NcderlandM: «tenenkunde in de achllienck ccuw (Koltcrddin1999>
...
26 note
I3;p
...

74
...
ac ditlcrenita*
...
“Thii
section of Io + 107 pages ha;» its own title page (Amstcrdiim: Sumplibus Socictatis
...
Joncs
...

Cf
...
Introduction to Novton's Pnrwipiafnotc 58)
...
256-257
...
Ribliolhcquc anvienne ct modeme 3:1(1715)
...
42-44
...
Amslcrdam muthwnutical
uni ate ur»' (nucc 29 >
...
197
...
On nuiuraJ ihwlog>' and the lum io phy^ico-thcology in the Dutch Republic, see: Bois
...
Sccula n*ering cn naniurwvetcnschap (note 4):

IlJ
...
^llet Natuurbccld van Joh;mncs de Mey (1617-1678), hooglcrsuar flow fie aan
de lllustcrc School tc Middclburg*
...
Pp
...
Reading ttc Book of Nature (note 5)
...
J
...
ofiiry natuurkundige godge iccrdc
rcdcncnngcn (Rollcrdam I696>
...
Jacques Lufneu had finished his study at Leiden University in I7IK and Ahraham van Loon in
1720
...
Cf
...
’Early cighlccnth-ccntury Ncwtonianism' (note 65>
...
533-54K
...
Cf
...

Ronmi
...
,
Revue de lillcraturc compardc 33 (I959>
...
161-179; G
...
Rogers
...
Hutton and
...
'Pierre Cwsle
...
and lhe Third Earl of Shaftesbury’
...
Hution and P
...
Studies on Locke: sources, conicmporancs
...
International Archives of
the Hisioiy of ldca&;Archives Intcntalionalcs d'llistoirc des Idccs
...
197 (Dordrecht 20O8X
IOO
...
Schafler
...
Gooding
...
Pinch and S
...
The uses ofexpertment:studies in tc natural lienees (Cambridge
19K9)
...
96
...
'The printing date is marked at the end of volume 2
...
CfL Newton
...
de la lumere (
...
Costc <>ur la M^ondc cdiliun
...

102
...
'Pretace du traduclcuf in: Newton
...

103
...
*Larly cightccnlh'ccnfuiy Newtonian ism' (note 65)
...
A nice cxumplc is the Mcnnonite David van Mollcm
...
A family* portrait of Van Mollcm is adorned with scientific instnimcnU,
S
...
Nature aftd Scripture in the Abrahtnic religiorv:: up to 17<>o (Leiden
2009>
...
429-450; Jurink and Van Micrt
...

49
...
Amstcrdain mathematical amateurs' (n(>te 29)
...
196-199
...
Bibliothequc universelie 8 (I6XK)
...
Axtell
...
PP
...
On Locke's impact on continental Kuropc
...
Israel
...
1670- 1752 (Oxford 2006>, Pp
...

51
...
Lc Ckrc, Physics sivc De rebus coqx>rcı> lıbrî quinque < ArnsJcrdam1696)
...

1710) and R
...
Welstein (1722>
...
van Ecghcn, l)c
Amstcrdamsc bockhandel I6XO-I725
...
vol
...
1*1*
...
About the content, HCC: Vcmiij
...
PP
...

52
...
an acquuintancc of Bvr-nard Nicuwcnlijt
...
Wolters had published ihrccinatlicmatiuil Iracl» by Nicuwcntijl
...

53
...
by 'J
...
The Latin translation
made by Konel in 1672
...
Reprints were issued in 16X2 and 1691 by Jean Pauli, and in I’’00 by
Johannes Wolters
...
A final edition of the
'Newtonian" versiun of the Latin translation of Rohuull's texbook was published in 1738 by
the Leiden publisher Johannes Arnoldus Langcrak
...
Bibliothequc ancicrnc et modcrc I I (1714), Pp
...
See ut lengih: M
...
Doou mcnuiticblad workgroup achlheiKk couv 2o (I9K«K PP
...
247-24S
...
Bloci
...
Bijdragcn cn medcdclingcn bclrcftcndc de gcM ： hicdcnis dcr
Ncdcrlandcn 123 (2008>
...
3-30; C
...
Davids, The rise and decline of Dutch tcchnologieul
leadership: technology, economy and culture in the Netherlands
...
Dupre
...
s
...
Intellectual history review 20 (2010)
...
53-7X;E
...
Ramakers ...

Netherlands Yearbook for 1 list ©O' ๐1 An
...

7
...
Dupre and C
...
Silent messengers: the ctrculation ©f material objects of
kinowlcdgc in the early modenin Lonv Countries (Berlin 201), PP
...

K See
...
A
...
Hennan Bocrliaavc: the man and his work (Leiden 196«;
Rotterdam 2007); E
...
Hui «man
...

9
...
Bakhuizcn van den Brink
...
73-10

10
...

Verbeck
...

Descartes and the Outch: early reactions to Cartesian philosophy
...
A
...
The crisis of causality: Voclius and Do>cartcs on God
...
van Bun^c
...

11
...
Vennij
...
1575-1750 (Amslerdatn 2002)
...
J
...
Dijksterhuis, Lenses and waves: Chnstiaan luygens and the mathematical science of
optics in the seventeenth century (Dordrecht 2OO4>
...
J
...
’The banning of Spinoza’s works in lhe Dutch Republic (I67O-I678>'
...
van
llungc and W
...
Disguised and overt Spinozisin around 1700:
Note*

42

The authors would like to thank Rienk V’cm»ij, Duan Wegener and Fokko Jan Dijkstcrliui^
for their comments on earlier versions of this paper, and Anthony Ossa-Richardson for
correcting their English as well as lor hi* udditional remarks
...


See
...
Rueslow
...

PP
...
de Paler
...
van Berkel
...

PP 69-9R; ILJ
...
The new philosophy in «he Low Counlrics'
...
Porter and M
...
Thc scientific revolution in national context (Cambridge 1992)
...

115-I4^,csp
...
van Kcrkcl
...
van llcldcn and L
...
A I history of science in
ihc Netherlands: survey, lemcs and reference (Leiden 1999)
...
69-76aixi 450-451
...
van
Berkel
...


bocicly in Flanders and the Netherlands, yearbook published by the l,'lemij
...
Pp
...
I »6

3
...
E
...
M
...
uycndijk-Ekhmit (trans
...
160-162
...


J
...
Gcloof cn natuurveicnschap in de achtlicndc ccv in
Nederland (Assen 1972); R
...
Seelurisering cn naluurwclcmchap in de zcvcnticndc
cn achtlicndc ccw: Bcmniard Nicnwvnlijl (Amsterdam 1991)

5
...
For a general survey see: J
...
grcatc^xand tall,
1477-1806 (Oxford 1995): HJ
...
Matters of exchange: commerce, medicine, and
science in the Duteh Golden Age (New Haven
...
Jonnk, Reading the Book
of Nature in the Dulch Golden Age, 1575-1715 (Leiden 2010)
...


See
...
R
...
C
...
Vundersnusscn (eds>>
...
The legaey of Stevin: a chronological narralivc
...
Van 1
lelden
...
History of science in the Netherlands (note I), pp
...

Mutters ofcxchangc

5); D
...
de Rruckcrc, “Z*xiat mijn

41

papers presented at the Internalional Congress held at Rotterdam
...
PP
...
csp
...

14
...
Molhuyscn, Bromen lot de gcschiedenis dcr Lcidschc universiteit, Tvols
...
vol
...
J
...
Urkundcn und
ntchlanillichc Nachrichlcn (Leipzig 1899)
...
179-180
...
P
...
Dictionatrc histonque ct critique (RoUcrdain 1697) and lutcr editions; idem
...
de Spinoza, inel eenige aanleekeningen over zyn bedrx t* schrilten
...

17
...
Kdhlcr|
...

IX
...
Israel
...

19
...
This annual contained articles net only on the ’Nouvcllc lunette
«atoptnque inventec par M
...
19-22 and 121-123)
...
22-33), as well as news about competing designs by Laurent Cassegrain
(pp
...
fg
...
43-49>
...
Oldenburg to Hluygens, 11 March 1672 (O
...
), referring to I
...
eontaining
his new theory about light and colors*
...
1672), PP 3075-3087
...
Iluygcns to Oldenburg
...
I'Expcrincntum crucis cst dclivr^ u peu obscurement, mats sije
I'eniens bien il contirme bcaucoup sa nouvel- le opiton:
22
...
Vcrmij
...
Mandvlbiotc und H
...
The
reception of Isaac Newton in Europe (in press)
...
Christiaan luygens to Consiantijn luygens Jr
...
Newton de qui j’admire extremement les belles
inventions qui jc trouve dansl'ouvragc qu'il m'a cnvoid' See also: E
...
Fcllmann
...
Notes and records

41

Dutch translation uf Ncwt-on's adaptation of Bernhard Vurcnius’ Gcogruphiu gcncralb
...
In lhe years leading up to the expected
return of llalLcy*s Comet, which, when it came, was seen by contemporaries as a triumph for
Newton's gravitational theory, several Dutch enthusiasts participated in the search for
astronomical discovcries
...
living in Haarlem anti laHague, was not only a very successful astronomical obs^rrver (he independently observed at least fi
Accn ccMncts
...
bu« was SIIMI a skilled mathcmatieiun
...
in which he calculated
...
This initiative was the first of
its kind in liuropc
...
2
Intrigued by the same event, and on «he basis of Ncwlon's gravitational theory, the wine merchant
Jan Sehim from Maa^luis tried lu calculutc the possible perturbations on the comet's orbit caused
by the larger planets, concluding that the comet*» orbit could be changed considerably
...
Iliis meant that other accents could be incorporated
...
Petrus van
Musschcn^ brock (1692-1761)
...

Amsterdam and Groningen, did *o too
...

35-

Professors such as Van Musst henbrock and Lu lot's considered it lheir vocation to publoh
un thı» kind of Newtonian’ nuiural philosophy in the vcinuculiir
...
All thcue works basically contained I he same message: (iod's work>
were incomprehensible, but hib — power and majesty could be discerned UIKI dcmonstraicd by the
study of his work» of creation
...
Ray and
Derham (all available in Dutch! propagated by many and seemingly contcMcd by no one
...
cxpcnmcntal philosophy, physieo-tlwology’and ’natural theology' were
interchangeable, uiul used Io dcKvribc thv Mine set of idcab, value» and practice»
...
In the Mxund hulf of the eighteenth century a growing market emerged for other books,
wjlh a non-New- toman background
...
Johaitn Heinrich Winkler
...
No< everyone was pleased wilh this trend, as is shown by an ammymnus comment
in (he journal De denkcr,published in 1765:
Ncwion gave us's Gravesande and Mus&chcnbrock
...
and (heir
propenio
...
Thus was lhe «tale of our
country in the last century and the beginning of Ihı» vnc
...

The great Doerliaave
...
Winkler let us exchange the sublime astronomical researches
for ioolish electrical expenment&
...
Ich vacant after Pc vun Muss the nbroeks move to Leiden
...
i 、 Jean l'ran(;ois Salvcmini de Cast i I Ion (1709-1791 )
...
Prom 1751 onwards he lectured on mathematies and a»irviK>my in

Utrcvlit
...
During his prufcsson»hip
...
Producing tn 1761 a Latin edition of Newton's Anthmciica
universalis
...
Johann
Fncdrich Hennert (1733- IX13)
...

Either Newton or Wolff could ?»crvc as icons tor the scientific course
...
Francker University, in the north of the country, also dernonstrute» this duul
approach
...
but in 1746 an epigone of Wolff
was also appointed as a professor of philosophy
...
Koenig also
acted as a stcientific advisor to the - then only I'nsiaii - Studth«>ldcr Willium IV of Orange-Nassau
...
IW
Thnmghout the century
...
as fashioned in the I7los by Boerhaave and's Ciravcsandc
...
In Leiden Ncwion had been introduced, especially for convincing lhe orthtxlox C'alviniM
clergy that this way of studying nature was very different from the deductive physics and
ntctaphysics preached by Dcscarto and Spinu'j
...
in 1726 Petrus van henbrock would write to
Newton that in flolluiid Newtonian philosophy [
...
3
Lalcr Leiden pTofenwirs
...
continued to pay tribute to Newton
...
such as Jean llcnri
xan Swinden (I 746-1823 J
...
and Petrus Camper (1722-17X9)
...
4 Hh »ciuntiiic
uctivilicj» inuinly ton- aisled of the uollcclion ofdaU of ull »wt» of phenomena, >uch as clcctriwity
...
This approach was more in line with the German way of undertaking natural
philosophy ON adopted by Christian Wolff < 1679-17$4>
...
In spile of
this broader appToaeh
...
Ibegun to do >o in two univcr>ili«> where tlw triflings of Cartesianism
flouri>hcd, and met with success, no that there is hope that the Ncuionian philosophy will
be seen as true in the greater part of Holland, with praise of yourself
...
Several of them acre appointed to Dutch universilies and ihustnous
schools: Johan Hendnk van Lom (1704-1763) al lhe somewhat marginal University of 11tudcrwijk
Johannes Ooslcrdijk Schacht" 704-1792) and Gockfndus du Hois (1700-1747) ut Franckcr Uni
verity, and Elie de Joncourt <1697-1765) at the ilLuslriou» svhool in »-llcrtogaibo»$:li
(Boi&*lc-Duc)
...
u6 In college, they read 's Oravcsandc's texthook
...
This same emphasis on the importance of experimental
philosophy was followed al the University of Cironingen
...
Newton was replaced as a scientific icon by Leibniz and WoltT
...
His
SUCCCNSIUS

Nicolaus Engelhard < I69f»-I765> and Enedrich Adam Widder (1724-17K4)

continued ihis German- oriented philosophical direction wilh great enthusiasm
...


So Nculon was popular, but nol undispuied
...
cvcn
supcnuiturai mathcmalician and philosopher, started by Verier nnd Lc Clcrc
...
36Thc astronomer Pelrus Nicuwland (d
...
The philosopher Frans llcmslcrhuis (1721 - I79O> conüidcrcd Socralcs and
Newton the iwo greutot men that had ever lived
...
The nearly blind finale
poet Petronellu Moens (1762-1X43)
...
wrote:
0 (ircaı NevMon! Who knew how to calculate the lorccN of Nature, its clcmul law^
...
JV Apparendy
...
( oncludins: remark*
In the luhl tew decades, hislonans of science have shown a growing awareness of the importuncc
of concepts such as the circukilion of knowledge, and the social, rhctoncul and geographical
dimensions of early modern scientific culture
...
* On the contrary
...
In tlw Republic Newton was introduced as a
pious mathcmuticul genius, whose ıne«sâge was of relevance to the whole of C hnsljunity
...
In the Rcpublie,
the Newtonian system wus developed and adapted because it seemed to p<»sc no religious threat,
and hceausc it arrived al the right moment
...
They were based on nuitlicnialical dcinonstralions
in u way Descartes had only dreamed of
...
]The main
merits of Neu ton'* theories from a religious point of view were lhat they were untainted
hy previous denunciations and provocations, and lhal there were no cccloilival
rcputationx at Make in lheir acceptance or rcjcclions
...
141

Dukh NcwlomaniMn a consIructiiNi that created a* an answer lu local problems and dchalcs
...
as well as on the market, as lhe outburst of 'Newtoniun
books following the wxond edition of the Prineipiu in 1713 and its pirated Amsterdam edition of
1714 shows
...
lt wa、Newton who wu* considered a Hiilabk antidote to the pwijonwis rationalistic and
matcrialistk; systcm 、 of Dcscartc* and • moM of all • Spinoza
...
We noted the important role played by Men nonites and Huguenots in
the propagnlion of Newton and lus works, a role we must understand from the emphasis they put
on (kxTs hand in nature
...
lt is striking
to note how, in a sense, Newton hiniMJf became even more popular thun his philosophy
...
more or less synonymous with physico-thcology
or expcrifnenlal philosophy
...

launched I heir own quarterly journal, both with the intcnli«*n of creating a forum in the Dutch
language fbr ull kinds of news in lhe feld of natural knowledge
...
Some of these groups of konslgcnotcn (lovers of the arts) - as they
called themselves even organized their own housing, in some eases including a well-equipped
cahinel of scientific instruments and an astronomical observatory
...

Haarlem and Middclburg these

even

purticipalcd in serious astrunomical research, of which the obscrv alionul results were exchanged
ith foreign institu-liuns like the Observaioirc de Paris or the Royal Society of London
...
After reading Newtons Principia
...

Struyck started a long research program on cometary orbits
...
In 1722 Struyck announced his ambition to extend
Ilallcy's work on comets, imitating that greal astronomcr7 It took nearly twenty years, however,
before he could present any results
...
presenting not only research on
comets, but also on geography, cartography, demugraphy
...
* With this
cinpha>is on applied mathematics Slruyck had become a Dutch ’Halley

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