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Title: geometrical optics
Description: That is my first slide note in this website . It is talk about Geometrical optics.

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Geometrical optics

Electromagnetic waves
• Electromagnetic waves are generated by oscillating electric charges
...
Thus, electromagnetic waves are
transverse in nature
...

• Nothing can travel faster than light in a vacuum
...
The energy of the wave is

stored in the electric and magnetic fields
...


Definition
• Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are waves that are created as a
result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field
...


• Depending on the frequency of oscillation, different wavelengths of
electromagnetic spectrum are produced
...

• The Magnetic field is produced by a moving charged particle
...
(An accelerating charged particle is when the charged
particle oscillates about an equilibrium position
...

• If the frequency of oscillation of the charged particle is f, then it
produces an electromagnetic wave with frequency f
...

• Electromagnetic waves transfer energy through space
...
It
consists of time-varying electric and magnetic fields which are
perpendicular to each other and are also perpendicular to the
direction of propagation of waves
...

• An electromagnetic wave can travel through anything - be it air, a
solid material or vacuum
...

• Electromagnetic waves can be split into a range of frequencies
...
It should be noted that all
forms of radiation are produced by accelerating charges
...


properties of electromagnetic waves
1

electromagnetic waves are transverse
waves
...


5

Electromagnetic waves obey the principle of superposition

6

Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium to travel
They can travel through a vacuum

7

They are not deflected by electric or magnetic field
...


2-Physical optics
is a more comprehensive
model of light, which
includes wave effects such
as diffraction and interfere
nce

3-Quantum optics
is a branch of atomic,
molecular, and optical
physics dealing with how
individual quanta of light,
known as photons,
interact with atoms

A
...
Sometimes it behaves like a particle (called a photon), which
explains how light travels in straight lines (E=hf)
...
Sometimes it behaves like a wave, which explains how light
bends (or diffracts) around an object

Huygens principle

Huygens principle
• Waves Spherical waves are emitted from a single point source in a
spherical shape
The basic difference between plane wave and spherical wave is that in
plane wave disturbances propagated in single direction like wave,
while in spherical waves disturbances propagated outward in all
directions from the source of wave
...

propagation of the wave and whose wave fronts are infinite parallel
planes
...
Example: The light from the Sun reaches the
surface of the Earth in the form plane wavefront

Huygens principle
Huygens’s principle:
is a geometric construction for using
knowledge of an earlier wave front to
determine the position of a new wave
front at some instant
...
,
wavelets propagate outward through a medium with speeds
characteristic of waves in that medium
...


Chapter 3

Laws of Geometric Optics

In geometric optics
...


1-Three laws of geometric optics
First law

Second law

Third law

law of rectilinear
propagation

law of reflection

law of refraction

- In which light rays
propagating
through
a
homogeneous transparent
Medium
...

In which light rays
reflecting off a conducting
surfaces, such as polished
metal or glass mirrors
...
g
...


2- Ray approximation in Geometric optics
light-ray is simply straight lines which runs
perpendicular to the wave-fronts at all points along
the path of the wave
...
In the ray
approximation , we assume that a wave
moving through a medium travels in a
straight line in the direction of its rays
...


2-Ray approximation in Geometric optics
• If the wave meets a barrier in which there is a circular opening whose
diameter is much larger than the wavelength, the wave emerging from
the opening continues to move in a straight line hence, the ray
approximation is valid
...
This effect, called

diffraction
...

• This approximation is very good for the study of mirrors, lenses,
prisms,and associated optical instruments, such as telescopes, cameras,
and eyeglasses
...
1
...


3-Reflection of light
3
...
The law of reflection
• Consider a light-ray incident on a plane mirror, as shown in Figure:
The law of reflection states:
1- that the incident ray, the reflected ray, and the
normal to the surface of the mirror all lie in the
same plane
2- the angle of reflection r is equal to the angle of
incidence i
...


3-Reflection of light
3
...
Types of reflection
Regular/Specular Reflection

Diffused Reflection

- reflective surfaces are smooth such as
plane mirrors
- The angles of reflection between
different points don’t vary
...


- reflective surfaces other than mirrors
have a highly rough surface
...

- irregularities in the surface are large
compared to 
...
4
...

Show that a light-ray incident from any direction in
the plane perpendicular to both mirrors is reflected
through 180 ◦

4- Refraction of light
• Is the bending of light as it passes from one transparent
substance into another differ in optical density
...


the density of a substance increases,
there are more particles/molecules
that could potentially reflect or bent
light
...

• A moving electrical charge emits electromagnetic waves of its own
...

• When two waves interfere in this way, the resulting "combined" wave
may have wave packets that pass an observer at a slower rate
...
When the light leaves the
material, this interaction with electrons no longer happens, and
therefore the wave packet rate (and therefore its speed) return to
normal
...
Thus the speed of light in various
media is different

44-Refraction
Refractionof
oflight
light
• We define the index of refraction of the medium as:

• The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a substance
• is called the index of refraction for that substance
...
The incident ray, the refracted ray, and the normal to the surface
at the point of incidence are all in the same plane
...
The index of refraction for any homogeneous medium is a constant
that is independent of the angle of incidence
...
When a ray of light passes obliquely from a medium of lower optical
density to one of higher optical density, it is bent toward the normal to
the surface

Note that
 Thus, the law
 of refraction predicts that a light-ray always deviates more towards
the normal in the optically denser medium; i
...
, the medium with the
higher refractive index
...
In fact,


Title: geometrical optics
Description: That is my first slide note in this website . It is talk about Geometrical optics.