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GOC
alkanes
General information on
alkanes and its types
...
Types of alkanes
...
Quick recall
...
Due to the highest
possible amount of hydrogen atoms, these
molecules are also referred to as saturated
hydrocarbons
...
Methane (CH4), for example, is the simplest alkane
while others such as ethane (C2H6),
propane (C3H8), and butane (C4H10) are some of
the most common ones
...
This is why they are relatively unreactive
...
When exposed to oxygen, they can ignite and
undergo combustion reactions, creating carbon
dioxide and water and releasing a significant
amount of energy
...
...
Saturated hydrocarbons, as they are often
referred to, are generally moderately
stable and have a low reactivity rate
...
Alkanes are essential components for fuel
production and can be used as the main
ingredient when producing other organic
compounds
...
Different types of
Alkanes
Alkanes are a type of molecule classified by the length of
their carbon chain and the isomerism associated with
them
...
Length of
carbon chain
Structural
isomerism
isomers
Alkanes can be classified by the
number of carbon atoms in their
molecules
...
Alkanes, with the same molecular
formula, can also take different
forms known as structural
isomers
...
Cycloalkanes
cyclopropane
Branched
alkanes
Cycloalkanes are a different kind of
alkanes, with a circular structure
instead of a linear chain
...
For instance, cyclobutane has
4 carbons in its ring and
cyclopentane has 5 carbons in its
ring, and so on
...
These are called
branched alkanes and comprise
additional carbon chains attached
to the main chain
...
03
Naming
Naming alkanes
using the IUPAC
system of naming
...
● To locate the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms
in the molecule, you need to analyze its structure and
identify it accordingly
...
Name each group or atom that is attached to the
carbon atoms and assign a number to it indicating
its position
...
When naming organic compounds, you need to
start by writing out the substituents alphabetically
and then add the name of the parent chain as a
prefix
...
Examples
Let’s take a look at a few examples to understand it better
...
When labeling the carbons in a
chain, it is important that the first
substituent has the lowest number
for easier identification
...
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●
●
●
●
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Butane is a molecule composed of
the longest unbroken chain of four
carbon atoms
...
Due to the absence of substituents,
the molecule is termed as 'butane'
without any extra additions
...
The molecule in question is 2chlorobutane due to one chlorine
atom being attached to the second
carbon atom
...
Alkanes
Basic
1
...
3
...
Properties
Saturated
hydrocarbons
Carbons are
connected via a
single bond
General formula:
CnH2n+2
Names follow the
IUPAC system
...
2
...
4
...
Nonpolar
substances
...
The boiling point of
alkanes increases
with increasing
molecular weight
...
2
...
4
...
Manufacture of
ammonia and
fertilizers
...
Generation of
electricity