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Science
Biology
Notes
Animal Cells: The fundamental building blocks of animal existence are called cells
...
Animal cells are encased
in a flexible lipid bilayer called the cell membrane, which controls how chemicals enter and exit the cell
...
As you can see above this is an animal cell, and although it may look complicated (it is!), luckily for the
GCSE curriculum we only need to know a select amount we will go into more detail below
...
It
is the organelle that controls what goes on in the cell
...
Cell Membrane: This is one of the most important parts of the cell and can often be confused with a cell
wall
...
The cell membrane is responsible for controlling
what goes in and out of the cell
...
Cytoplasm: This is a jelly-like substance where most of the cell’s reactions take place, such as respiration
...
Mitochondria: You may have heard this definition thousands of times, but it gets you marks
...
It releases energy for the cell to use
...
To give you a head start, from memory write down the names and
functions
of
animal
cell
organeles
...
Plant
cells are different than animal cells because they have some extra organelles
...
Plant cells do have some similarities with animal cells such as the following:
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Cell
Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
However they are significantly different here are some of the extra organelles:
Chloroplasts: These contain green chlorophyll and are responsible for the absorption of light for
photosynthesis
...
Vacuole: This stores cell sap and is responsible for the structure of the cell
...
Cell Wall: The cell wall is responsible for guarding the cell and maintaining its rectangular shape, think of
it
as
an
extra
shield
to
the
cell
membrane
...
Specialised
Cells
The basic units of all living things are specialised cells
...
Specialized cells include:
Red blood cells, sometimes referred to as erythrocytes, are specialized cells that carry carbon dioxide, a
waste product, back to the lungs for elimination
...
They are nucleus-free and disc-shaped, which gives them more room to transport oxygen and
increases their flexibility to pass through small capillaries
...
Axons are lengthy
extensions that allow neurons to transfer impulses across great distances, while dendrites are special
structures that allow neurons to receive messages from other neurons
...
Skeletal muscle cells,
smooth muscle cells, and cardiac muscle cells are the three different kinds of muscle cells
...
Skeletal muscle cells are related to bones and are responsible for
voluntary movement
...
Root hair cells are specialised cells in plants' roots that take in moisture and nutrients from the soil
...
This enables
plants to effectively absorb water and nutrients for growth
...
Each one has a particular structure and purpose that adds to the complexity and functionality of
life
as
a
whole