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PYTHON
CRASH COURSE
2023
By Nitesh Kumar

INDEX
Part I: Basics


Getting Started



Variables and Simple Data Types



Introducing Lists



Working with Lists



if Statements



Dictionaries



User Input and while Loops



Functions



Classes

Part II: Projects


Files and Exceptions



Testing Your Code



A Ship That Fires Bullets



Aliens!



Scoring



Generating Data



Downloading Data



Working with APIs



Visualizing Data



Web Applications



Styling and Deploying an App

Appendixes


Installing Python



Text Editors



Getting Help



Using Git for Version Control



Testing Your Code



Python 2
...
Python 3



Glossary

Part I: Basics
Getting Started :
The chapter covers the following topics:
1
...
Why Python?
3
...

4
...

5
...

6
...

7
...

8
...


This chapter provides a solid foundation for beginners who are new to programming or Python
...


 What is Python?
 Python is a popular, high-level programming language that was first released in 1991 by
Guido van Rossum
...
Python is known for its simplicity
and readability, which makes it an ideal language for beginners to learn
...

 Why Python?
 Python is a popular choice for beginners and experienced developers alike because it is easy
to learn and use, yet powerful and versatile
...
Python is also
a popular language for scientific computing and data analysis, thanks to libraries such as
NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib
...

 Installing Python on Windows, macOS, and Linux
...
python
...




Run the installer and follow the prompts to install Python on your computer
...
This is recommended, as it will make it easier to run Python
programs from the command line
...


 Installing a code editor (IDLE, Sublime Text, PyCharm, etc
...

Some popular options include:



IDLE: This is the default code editor that comes with Python, and is a good option for
beginners
...




Sublime Text: This is a popular text editor that supports multiple programming
languages, including Python
...




PyCharm: This is a powerful integrated development environment (IDE) that is designed
specifically for Python development
...


To install a code editor, simply download the installer from the editor's website and follow the
prompts to install it on your computer
...

 To write your first Python program, follow these steps
...




Type the following code:
print("Hello, world!")



Save the file with a
...
g
...
py)
...




Type "python helloworld
...


This program will output the text "Hello, world!" to the console
...

 To run a Python program from the command line, navigate to the directory where the
program is saved and type "python filename
...
py" is the name of the
Python file
...

 To run a Python program from a code editor, simply open the file in the editor and click the
"run" button or use the keyboard shortcut to run the program
...


 Using the Python interactive shell (REPL)
...
To open the Python shell, open
a command prompt (Windows) or terminal (macOS/Linux) and type "python"
...

For example, you can type "print('Hello, world!')" in the Python shell and it will output "Hello,
world!" to the console
...

 In Python, variables are used to store values that can be used in the program
...



Strings: Strings are used to represent text and are enclosed in quotation marks
...




Integers: Integers are used to represent whole numbers (positive, negative, or zero) and
do not have decimal points
...




Floats: Floats are used to represent decimal numbers and have decimal points
...
14 is a float
...
For example, True or
False are booleans
...
For example:
message = "Hello, world!"
number = 42
pi = 3
...
For
example:
message = "Hello, Python!"
print(message) # Output: "Hello, Python!"

 How to use comments in Python
...
To add a comment in Python, start the line with the "#" character
...
For example:
# print("Hello, world!")

In this example, the print statement is commented out and will not be executed, but can be
uncommented later to enable the code again
...




Simple data types include strings, integers, floats, and booleans
...
75
is_raining = True

 Introducing Lists:


Lists are used to store multiple values in a single variable
...


Examples:
colors = ['red', 'green', 'blue']
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

 Working with Lists:


You can add, remove, and modify items in a list using various list methods
...


Examples:
# Add an item to the end of a list
colors
...
remove(3)
# Modify an item in a list
colors[1] = 'orange'
# Access an item in a list
print(numbers[2]) # prints 3

 if Statements:


if statements are used to conditionally execute code based on a specific condition
...


Examples:
age = 18
if age >= 18:
print("You are old enough to vote
...
")

 Dictionaries:


Dictionaries are used to store key-value pairs
...


Examples:
person = {'name': 'John', 'age': 25, 'gender': 'male'}
phone_numbers = {'John': '555-1234', 'Jane': '555-5678'}

 User Input and while Loops:


You can use the input() function to prompt the user for input
...


Examples:
name = input("What is your name? ")
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
count = 0
while count < 10:
print(count)
count += 1

 Functions:


Functions are used to group together code that performs a specific task
...


Examples:
def square(x):
return x ** 2
result = square(5)
print(result) # prints 25

 Classes:


Classes are used to define objects with specific attributes and methods
...


Examples:
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self
...
age = age
def say_hello(self):
print("Hello, my name is " + self
...
age) + " years old
...
say_hello() # prints "Hello, my name is John and I am 25 years old
...


In this chapter, you will learn:
 How to read from and write to files in Python
...

 How to handle exceptions using try-except blocks
...

 How to work with JSON data
...


Working with files is an essential part of any programming language, and Python makes it easy to
work with different types of files, including text files, binary files, and JSON files
...


 How to read from and write to files in Python?
 To read from a file in Python, you can use the `open()` function with the `read()` method
...
txt', 'r') as file:
data = file
...
Here's an
example:
with open('file
...
write('Hello, World!')

 How to handle file paths and directories?
 To handle file paths and directories in Python, you can use the `os` module
...
getcwd()`: Returns the current working directory
...
path
...




`os
...
exists(path)`: Returns True if the path exists
...
mkdir(path)`: Creates a new directory at the specified path
...
getcwd()
print(cwd)
# Join two paths
path = os
...
join(cwd, 'folder', 'file
...
path
...
mkdir('new_folder')

 How to handle exceptions using try-except blocks?
 To handle exceptions using try-except blocks in Python, you can wrap your code in a try
block, and then add one or more except blocks to catch specific exceptions
...
If
the exception occurs, the except block will handle it by printing a message
...
Here's an example:
class MyException(Exception):
pass
try:

# Some code that might raise MyException
raise MyException('This is a custom exception')
except MyException as e:
# Handle the MyException exception
print(e)

In this example, the MyException class is defined as a subclass of the built-in `Exception` class
...


 How to work with JSON data?
 To work with JSON data in Python, you can use the built-in `json` module
...
json', 'r') as file:
data = json
...
json', 'w') as file:
json
...
Some common error-handling techniques include:


Using try-except blocks to catch exceptions
...




Checking for permission errors before accessing

In addition, you will learn how to handle exceptions in your Python code
...
You will learn how to catch and handle different types of exceptions,
and how to create custom exception classes for your own programs
...


 Testing Your Code
 The Testing Your Code chapter teaches you how to write and run tests for your Python code
using the unittest module
...
You will also learn about test-driven development (TDD) and how to use it to write
high-quality code
...
You will learn how to create a graphical interface using the
Pygame library, how to handle user input, and how to animate objects on the screen
...


 Aliens!
 The Aliens! project is an extension of the Ship That Fires Bullets game in which you add
aliens that move across the screen and must be destroyed by the player's ship
...


 Scoring
 The Scoring project is a standalone project in which you create a program that keeps score for
a game or other activity
...


 Generating Data
 The Generating Data chapter teaches you how to generate data using Python
...
You will also learn about data visualization and how
to use the Matplotlib library to create charts and graphs
...
You will learn how to use the requests module to send HTTP requests and how to
handle responses
...


 Working with APIs
 The Working with APIs chapter teaches you how to work with web APIs using Python
...
You will also learn how to create your own web API using
the Flask web framework
...

You will learn how to use Matplotlib and Seaborn to create charts and graphs, and how to

customize their appearance
...


 Web Applications
 The Web Applications chapter teaches you how to create web applications using Python
...
You will also
learn how to deploy your web application to a web server
...
You will learn how to use CSS to style your web application and how to deploy
it to a cloud service such as Heroku
...
You will
learn about supervised and unsupervised learning, and how to use libraries such as ScikitLearn and TensorFlow to create and train machine learning models
...


 Natural Language Processing
 The Natural Language Processing chapter teaches you how to use Python for natural
language processing
...
You will also learn how to create your own language
models using deep learning techniques
...
You will learn how to use libraries such as Pandas and NumPy to

manipulate and analyze data, and how to use Matplotlib and Seaborn to create visualizations
of your data
...


 Web Scraping
 The Web Scraping chapter teaches you how to use Python for web scraping
...
You will also learn about ethical considerations when
web scraping, such as respecting website terms of service and avoiding overloading websites
with requests
...
You
will learn how to use libraries such as OpenCV and Pillow to read and manipulate images,
and how to use image processing techniques such as filtering, edge detection, and feature
detection
...


 Game Development
 The Game Development chapter teaches you how to use Python for game development
...
You will also learn about game design
principles and how to create your own game assets
...
You will
learn how to use libraries such as Scapy and PyCryptodome to analyze network traffic,
encrypt and decrypt data, and create secure communication channels
...


Appendixes

 Installing Python:
 Python is a popular programming language that can be installed on various operating systems
like Windows, macOS, and Linux
...
The official website for Python is https://www
...
org/, where
you can download the latest version of Python for your system
...


 Text Editors:
 A text editor is a software application that allows you to create and edit text files
...
These text editors come with many
useful features like syntax highlighting, code completion, debugging, and version control
...


 Getting Help:
 Python has a vast community of developers who are always willing to help each other
...
The official Python website
(https://www
...
org/) provides documentation for Python, including tutorials and a
reference manual
...


 Using Git for Version Control:
 Git is a version control system that allows you to keep track of changes made to your code
...
Git allows you to create and manage branches of your code, merge changes from

different branches, and revert changes if needed
...
com/) and various online tutorials
...
Python's unittest module provides a framework for writing and running
tests for your code
...
Testing
your code helps you catch errors and bugs before your code is deployed, ensuring that your
code is robust and reliable
...
7 vs
...
Python 2
...
Python 3 is the current version of Python and has many
new features and improvements compared to Python 2
...


 Glossary:
 Python has many terms and concepts that may be unfamiliar to beginners
...
Some of the terms that
you may come across while learning Python include variables, data types, functions,
modules, classes, objects, methods, inheritance, exceptions, and many more
...




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