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Chapter 11 Civilization of the Mediterranean
Basin: The Romans
2
From Kingdom To Republic
Founded in the eight century B
...
E
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Late in the sixth century B
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E
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The Roman Republic survived for more than five hundred years, and it was under the republican constitution that
Rome established itself as the dominant power in Mediterranean basin
...
The city owes its existence to the flight of Aeneas, a refugee from Troy who migrated to Italy when Greek invaders
destroyed his native lands
...
4
The Etruscans and Rome
However, a friendly she wolf found them and nurse them back to health
...
C
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Romulus founded the city of Rome and established himself as its first king
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C
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all communities dwelling in the Italian peninsula underwent rapid
political and economic development
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They first settled in Tuscany, the region around modernday Florence
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Like the Etruscan cities Rome was a monarchy
during the early days after its foundation, and several Roman kings were Etruscans
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6
The Roman Republic and its Constitution
Establishment of the Republic
In 509 B
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E
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At the heart of the city, they built the Roman forum, a political and civic center filled with temples and public
buildings were leading citizens tended to government business
They instituted a republican constitution that entrusted executive responsibilities to two consuls who wielded civil
and military powers
...
The powerful Senate, whose members were patricians with extensive political experience, advised the consul and
ratified all major decisions
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8
The Expansion of the Republic
Rome faced threats not only from the people living in the neighboring but also from the Etruscans
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Rome faced threats not only from the people living in the neighboring but also from the Etruscans
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Between the fourth and second centuries B
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E
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9
From Republic to Empire
Imperial expansion brought wealth and power brought problems as well as benefits
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During the first century C
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, Roman civil and military leaders gradually dismantled the republican constitution and
imposed a centralized imperial form of government on the city of Rome and it's empire
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Conquered lands were largely confiscated by wealthy elites, who organized enormous plantations known as
LATIFUNDIA
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11 The Gracchi Brothers
During the second and first centuries B
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E
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The Chief proponent of social reform in the Roman Republic were the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
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Those whose land
exceeded the limit would lose some of their property, which officials would then allocate to small farmers
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Those whose land
exceeded the limit would lose some of their property, which officials would then allocate to small farmers
...
Fearing that the brothers might gain influence over Roman affairs, their enemies assassinated Tiberius in 132
B
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E
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C
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The experience of the Gracchi brothers clearly showed that the constitution of the Roman republic, originally
designed for a small city state, might not be suitable for a large and growing empire
13 Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar seized power in 83 B
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E
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During his reign Caesar executed an estimated 10,000 people
Julius Caesar inaugurated the process by which Rome replaced its republican constitution with a centralized
imperial form of government
...
C
...
and was grant the right to rule virtually unopposed for 45 years
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Like Caesar, Augustus ruled by centralizing political and military power
He accumulated vast powers for himself and ultimately took responsibility for all important governmental
functions
...
15 Continuing Expansion and Intergration of the Empire
By Augusta's reign imperial holdings included much of North Africa including Egypt; and sizable territories in
15 Continuing Expansion and Intergration of the Empire
By Augusta's reign imperial holdings included much of North Africa including Egypt; and sizable territories in
Anatolia and southwest Asia
...
E
...
16 Greek Philosophy and Religion of Salvation
Roman Deities
During the early days of their history, the Roman recognized many gods and goddesses, who they believed
intervened directly in human affairs
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Mars- Was the god of war
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Merchants, soldiers, and administrators carried their cults as they conducted their business, and missionaries
traveled alongside them in search of converts
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18 Worship of Isis
Mithraic religion did not allow women to participate in rituals, but other spiritual ideological dedicated to the
The roads of the empire and the sea lanes of the Mediterranean thus served not only as trade routes, but also as
highways for religions of salvation, which traveled to all ports and large cities of the empire
...
Indeed, the worship of Isis may have been the most popular of all the Mediterranean religions of salvation
before the rise of Christianity
19 Judaism and Early Christianity
The Jews and the Empire
After the dissolution of the Jewish Kingdom of David and Solomon in the tenth century B
...
E
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All these empires embraced many different ethnic and religious groups mostly tolerated the cultural preferences of
their subjects, providing that communities paid their taxes and refrained from rebellious activities
20 Jesus of Nazareth
The Christians formed their community around Jesus of Nazareth, a charismatic Jewish teacher whom they
recognized as their savior
...
C
...
and grew up at a time of high tension between the Roman lords and their Jewish
subjects
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He attracted large crowds
because of a reputation for wisdom and his miraculous healing powers
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To Jesus, the kingdom God
may well have referred to a spiritual realm in which God would gather those faithful to him
...
Jesus alarmed the Roman because he also taught "the kingdom of God is at hand"
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The Romans administrators however, his message carried political overtones: an impending kingdom of God
sounded like a threat to Roman rule in Palestine, especially since enthusiastic crowd routinely accompanied Jesus
...
Roman administration executed Jesus by fixing him to a cross in
the early 30's C
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