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Business ventures summary

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Annual General
Meeting (AGM)

A meeting to be held once a year in which the shareholders will receive
a report in which they say how well the company risk
...


Memorandum of
Incorporation (MOI)

The document outlining the rights, responsibilities and duties of
shareholders and directors are set out (serves as a co-creation of a
company)
...


Prospectus

Prospectus is a document that invites the public to buy securities /
shares
...


Dividends

An amount of money regularly (usually annually) paid by a company to
its shareholders from the profits (or reserves)
...


ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS:
CC

Closed Corporation

BK

Beslote Korporasie

(PTY) Ltd
...


Eiendoms Beperk

INC
...


Geïnkorporeer

JSE

Johannesburg Stock Exchange

JEB

Johannesburgse Effekte Beurs

Ltd
...


Beperk

SOC

State Owned Company

NPC

Non-Profit Company

NWM

Nie-winsgewende Maatskappy

SAID

Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens

MOI

Memorandum Van Inlywing/Inkorporasie

CIPC

Companies and Intellectual Property Commission

KMIE

Kommissie vir Maatskappye en Intellektuele Eiendom
2

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
1
...


Money or assets offered by the owners to start the business
...
This means that they legally be seen as
separate from their owners
...
Businesses with legal
personality may enter into contracts in its own name, may sue and can be sued - and
their respective owners
...


CONTINUITY


The ability of the business to continue after the death or retirement of the owner or more
than one of the owners
...


LIABILITY


Liability refers to the responsibility of the owner for the debts of the business
...
The owners will not lose their personal assets
...


5
...




Sole Proprietors and Partnerships pay taxes on a sliding scale to a maximum of 45%,
depending on the amount of income of their owners
...
The
tax amounts can vary each year, and should be adjusted according to the amount to
be determined by the Finance Minister in the National Budget
...


ESTABLISHMENT PROCEDURE


7
...


SEPARATE AND SIMULTANEOUS


This refers to businesses with more than one owner and means that all owners are
responsible for each other's actions and for the debts of the business
...


1
...
1
...


NUMBER OF OWNERS

Only one owner

MANAGEMENT

Can make quick decisions without consulting others
...


LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
LIABILITY
LEGAL PERSONALITY
CONTINUITY
CAPITAL
PROFIT SHARING
TAXATION

There are no legal and administrative formalities in the form of a sole
proprietorship
...

A sole proprietor is not a legal entity and agreements entered into by the
owner in his / her personal capacity
...

Personal debt and business debt is one and therefore capital should be
carefully spent and managed
...

Depending on how much income is earned by the owner, his / her tax
rate will be lower than the corporate tax rate
...
2
...


DISADVANTAGES
 Unlimited liability
...


 Has no legal personality & continuity
...


 Owner accepts all risks
...


 Owners focus on some aspects and neglect

 In contact with customers, suppliers and
employees
...

 Owners are overworked
...

 No job security
...


2
...
1
...


NUMBER OF OWNERS

2 or more

MANAGEMENT

Partners share responsibilities and they are all involved in decision making
...


LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
LIABILITY
LEGAL PERSONALITY
CONTINUITY
CAPITAL

No legal formalities to start, only a written partnership agreement is
required
...

Partnership has no legal personality
...

Partners combine capital and may also borrow capital from financial
institutions
...


TAXATION

Partnerships do not pay taxes, partners pay personal income tax
...
2
...


DISADVANTAGES
 Unlimited liability
...


business
...


 Easier to get credit
...


 Expenses, responsibilities and tasks are

 Capital is limited to the number of partners

shared
...


allowed
...


5

Discuss/Explain/Describe CHARATERISTICS, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES of forms of ownership
...
CLOSE CORPORATION
3
...
CHARACTERISTICS:
CHARACTERISTIC

DESCRIPTION

NAME

The name must end with the suffix CC
...

The transfer of the interest of a member must be approved by all other
members
...
g
...

Members have limited liability, unless the CC has 6 months or longer than
ten members
...


CONTINUITY


...


CAPITAL

Each member contributes certain assets / services to the corporation
...


TAXATION

Pay tax on the profits of the business and declared dividends of members
...


3
...
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:
ADVANTAGES
 Limited liability
...


 Legal personality & continuity
...


the member shall be liable for losses
...


 Banks require a financial audit for loans
...


 Decisions take time
...


6

Discuss/Explain/Describe CHARATERISTICS, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES of forms of ownership
...
PRIVATE COMPANY
4
...
CHARACTERISTICS:
CHARACTERISTIC

DESCRIPTION

NAME

The company's name ends with letters (PTY) Ltd
...


MANAGEMENT

Managed at least by one competent highly skilled director
...


LEGAL REQUIREMENTS
LIABILITY

Register with the Registrar of Companies by setting Memorandum of
Incorporation (MOI)
Shareholders have limited liability and only lose their initial capital invested
if the business goes bankrupt
...


CONTINUITY


...


CAPITAL
PROFIT SHARING
TAXATION

Capital raised by issuing shares to its shareholders
...

Profits are shared in the form of dividends in proportion to the number of
shares held
...
/ Subject to double taxation
...
2
...


DISADVANTAGES
 Complex establishment process
...


 Can only rely on capital contributed by

 Number of shareholders allows for more
capital
...


members
...

 Subject to double taxation
...


7

Discuss/Explain/Describe CHARATERISTICS, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES of forms of ownership
...
PERSONAL LIABILITY COMPANY


It is very similar to a private company, and the DIRECTORS of a personal liability company are
jointly and seperately liable for all debts and obligations of the company
...


5
...
CHARACTERISTICS:
CHARACTERISTIC

DESCRIPTION

NAME

The company's name must end with letters INC
...


MANAGEMENT

They must have at least one director to their board
...


LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

In the MOI must be stated that it is a company with personal liability
...


LEGAL PERSONALITY

The business has a legal personality
...
as well as unlimited continuity
...
Shareholders then earn
profits (dividends) from shares
...

Pay tax on the profits of the business and declared dividends of
shareholders
...


5
...
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:
ADVANTAGES
 Limited liability
...


 Legal personality & continuity
...

 No AGM necessary
...
(Cannot get money from the
general public for capital
...

 Annual financial statements must be
reviewed by a qualified person, which is an
extra expense for the company
...

8

Discuss/Explain/Describe CHARATERISTICS, ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES of forms of ownership
...
PUBLIC / PUBLIC COMPANY


A public company is registered to offer its shares to the general public
...
Shares are traded through the
Johannesburg Securities / Stock Exchange (JSE)
...
1
...
or Ltd
...

The law forces personal liability on directors who were consciously
reckless / fraudulent
...


LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

Register with the Registrar of Companies by setting up the Memorandum
...


LIABILITY

Shareholders have limited liability
...


CONTINUITY


...


CAPITAL

Capital raised by issuing shares to the public and borrow capital by
issuing debentures
...


TAXATION

Pay tax on the profits of the business and declared dividends of
shareholders
...


6
...
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:
ADVANTAGES
 Limited liability
...


 Legal personality & continuity
...

 Can attract skilled personnel because
they can pay them well
...

 Strict regulatory requirements to protect
shareholders
...
g
...

 AGM must be held
...

 Shareholders may have little or no input in
the affairs of the company
...


7
...

These businesses take on behalf of the government the role of commercial enterprises
...
1
...


NUMBER OF OWNERS
MANAGEMENT

Requires 3 or more directors and 1 or more shareholders
...

Shareholders vote for the most competent directors and they are
appointed to manage the company
...


LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

Register with the Registrar of Companies by setting up the
Memorandum of Incorporation
...


LEGAL PERSONALITY

The business has a legal personality
...
as well as unlimited continuity
...

Profits are shared in the form of dividends
...

Pay tax on the profits of the business and declared dividends of
shareholders
...


7
...
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:
ADVANTAGES
 Limited liability
...

 Supporting of government
...

 Profits can be used to finance other
government departments
...


DISADVANTAGES
 Not a true form of ownership because the
government controls all decisions
...

 May lead to poor management because the
government is not as effective as the private
sector
...

 Losses must be paid by the taxpayer
...


8
...


8
...
CHARACTERISTICS:
CHARACTERISTIC

DESCRIPTION

NAME

The name of the company must end with NPC / NPO
...


MANAGEMENT
CAPACITY

The board shall consist of at least 3 directors and can be well managed
as it requires a minimum of 3 (or more) directors
...


LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

It must draw up a Memorandum of Incorporation
...
Directors are liable for any loss / damage
/ costs experienced by the company
...


CONTINUITY


...


CAPITAL
PROFIT SHARING
TAXATION

Funded by donations
...

The main purpose is to serve and not to make profit
...

Qualifying NPC/NPO is granted tax-exempt status (tax deductions)
...
2
...

 Legal personality & continuity
...

 Assets to be transferred to a similar type of
company if company be dissolved
...


 Must keep financial and accounting records
...

 Exempt from paying tax to SARS
...

 Must hold an AGM
...


9
...


9
...
CHARACTERISTICS:
CHARACTERISTIC

DESCRIPTION

NAME

The word 'Cooperative Limited’ will appear at the end of the name
...


MANAGEMENT
CAPACITY

Members own and manage the business together
...
They are managed by at least 3 directors
...


LEGAL REQUIREMENTS

Must register with the Registrar of Co-operative societies
...


LEGAL PERSONALITY

The business has a legal personality and are allowed to own land and
open bank accounts
...


CAPITAL

The amount of capital that can be obtain by a co-operative is limited to
the number of members
...


PROFIT SHARING

Profits are shared equally amongst its members
...

9
...
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:


ADVANTAGES
Limited liability
...




Legal personality & continuity
...




and support of its members
...



for themselves
...




Auditing of financial statements compulsory
...

12

10
...
Tabulate the differences between a PRIVATE and a PUBLIC company
PRIVATE COMPANY

PUBLIC COMPANY

NAME

Name must end with Property Limited
/ (Pty) Ltd
...


MANAGEMENT

At least ONE director
...


CAPITAL

NO shares are offered to the general
public
...


SHARES

Shares are NOT freely transferable

Shares are freely transferable
...


Annual financial statements must be
audited and published
...


Should register and publish a
prospectus with the Companies and
Intellectual Property Commission
(CIPC)
...


Must collect a minimum subscription
before the start of the business
...
2
...


LIABILITY

The directors are NOT personally liable
for the debts of the company
...


13

11
...
1
...

Shareholders' private assets are protected because they have a limited liability
...

Companies have their own names and protected
...
2
...

11
...






OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT:
Shareholders in a public company can freely buy and sell shares
...

It is less likely to use a business consultant, as they have a larger pool of skills and expertise
...


11
...






CAPITAL AND CASH FLOW:
A company may have more investors to finance the establishment of the enterprise
...

A company is not limited to the individual contribution of the members' capital
...

Directors do not have to obtain personal loans for the company to grow
...
5
...


Company shares may be transferred / purchased / sold
...
6
...


They can get rebates if they are involved in social responsibility projects
...


Discuss / Explain CHALLENGES of establishing a company in comparison to other forms
...
1
...


Conflicts can arise between owners of the company and management that are in control
...


Politics can get in the way and directors are appointed for the wrong reasons
...


A company may cease to exist if it is deregistered by the Registrar of Companies
...
2
...


FINANCIAL CHALLENGES:
The more shares there are, the less profit per share
...

They are expected to disclose all financial information which can provide an unfair
advantage to their competitors
...

Companies have more tax requirements and other taxes are high
...

Explain / describe / discuss the PROCEDURE FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COMPANIES
...


STEP 7

Open a bank account and register for tax
...


14
...
g
...




Must appear on all COMPANY DOCUMENTS, e
...
on letterheads
...




Can be RESERVED for a period of 6 MONTHS by the CIPC
...




May NOT be a PERSON that implies / propose / mislead people into believing that the
company is part of another person / company / the state
...




Do NOT be ABBREVIATED or be TRANSLATED
...


15

Define the following concepts:
15
...
1
...

Companies are managed according to the rules set out in the MOI
...

MOI describe the relationship between the company and its stakeholders
...

Provide details about incorporation, the number of directors and share capital
...


15
...
Aspects to be included in the Memorandum of Incorporation / Incorporation:












Incorporators
Type of company
Securities of the company
Shareholders and meetings
Directors and officers
Name of the company
The main objectives of the company
Number of shares that would buy each incorporator
Amount share capital registered
Rules and regulations of the company
Name of the auditor

15
...
Notice of Incorporation / Incorporation:


The notice must be submitted with the standard form of Memorandum of Incorporation /
Incorporation, and it contains the following information:
o
Type of business
o
Financial year-end
o
Number of directors
o
Date of incorporation
o
Registered address
o
Company Name

16
...
1
...

This is a formal legal document detailing investment offers to the public
...

It gives information about the company
...
2
...
2
...
Meaning of the Initial Public / Public Offer / IPO:




This is when the company issues for the FIRST TIME shares to the public
...

Most companies take a "IPO" with the help of an investment banking firm that acts as an
underwriter
...
2
...
Meaning of the Secondary Offering:



A secondary offer is an offer of securities by a shareholder of the company as opposed to
the company itself, which is a primary offering
...


17

TOPIC 2: ROUTES FOR THE ACQUISITION OF BUSINESS
TERM
Trademark
Goodwill
Geographic Area

Overhead Costs

DEFINITION
A symbol, word or words that are registered or established lawfully used
as a company or product
...
Can a market by
region divided geographically, such as cities, counties, regions, countries
and international regions
...
This is the
expenses incurred by the company to stay in business, regardless of the
level of success
...


Incentives

A payment or concession to stimulate greater production
...






2
...

Easier to obtain finance as the business has a good history
...

Distribution, providing links and staff have been established
...

Existing assets form part of the business and does not need to be purchased
...

There are THREE MAIN TYPES franchises:

PRODUCT-franchise, where the franchise holder acts as a
retailer to sell specific products
...


PRODUCTION AGREEMENT-franchise, where the franchise giver
provide an essential component of expertise
...
1
...
The
before a commitment is made
...

of the franchise giver
...

operate
...

rights in a certain geographic area
...

the purchase of a franchise with a good
 A percentage of sales are usually shared
reputation
...

 Relationships with suppliers are already
established
...
2
...


A franchise agreement is drawn up when a franchise is sold and it is a legally binding
document
...

The FRANCHISE-GIVER is the person who created the goods or services and the right to
produce it to another person SALE
...

The FRANCHISE-HOLDER is the person or organization that the franchise SHOP
...

TERMS & CONDITIONS: A summary of what to do every party
...

THE FRANCHISE OWNER'S PAYMENTS: The initiation fee, patent holders compensation,
renewal, etc
...

WHAT THE FRANCHISE HOLDER OFFER: The provision of training, equipment, shop plans,
inventory, equipment, working capital, advertising and anything else agreed
...


Through a business with a famous name and set of procedures and sales activities, the
franchise giver able to control the quality of the goods or services provided
...


19

3
...

Done by smaller businesses to reduce costs
...

Reasons for outsourcing:
o
Better use of staff
o
Access to skilled people
o
Focus on the company's vision and goals
Lack of resources and equipment
...
The hiring of a temporary
employee while the secretary is on maternity leave is not outsourcing not

Define / State / discuss / explain the ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND CONTRACTUAL
OBLIGATIONS of acquisition OUTSOURCING:
3
...
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES of Outsourcing:
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
 Enable the business to focus on its core
 Loss of management control
...

 Hidden costs
...

 Threat of security and confidentiality
...

 Quality Problems
...

 Connect to the financial well-being of
 Provides staff flexibility during peak hours
...

 Provide continuity and mitigate risks
...
2
...

The business which the function is outsourced, is known as the vendor
...

o
Can the work produced is measured in terms of performance
...

o
Accountability and transparency must be assured
...
For example, a building contractor
many of the tasks that have to do with building a house, outsourced to a subcontractor, such
as electrical wiring or plumbing
...





LEASE OF BUSINESS ASSETS:
A lease is an agreement whereby land or movable assets for a specified time is leased by the
owner to a tenant
...

Initial capital is needed, or a business, from nothing started, or an existing business is
purchased, or even when buying a franchise
...


Define / State / discuss / explain the ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND CONTRACTUAL
OBLIGATIONS of acquisition LEASES:
4
...
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES of leases:
ADVANTAGES
 The business acquired the use of the asset
without upfront charges
...

 The business course not become obsolete
the risk of expensive equipment
...

 For the tenant, the lease payments are
tax deductible
...

 Rent is considered an expense for the
lessee and are therefore not considered
debt
...

The tenant is bound by the lease even if not
the business may no longer need items
...


4
...
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS of leases:

All lease agreements entered into with strict legal proceedings and formal contracts between
the LESSOR and the TENANT
...


The TENANT is the person or organization that hire these assets
...

o
COST of the lease: This includes the basic rent, operating costs, and maintenance costs
and security services
...


21

TOPIC 3: TRANSFORMATION OF A BUSINESS PLAN INTO AN ACTION PLAN
Discuss/Explain the PURPOSE OF A BUSINESS PLAN (Recap)






to get financing from investors or lenders
to allow the entrepreneur to evaluate the viability of a business idea
to improve operations and business processes and practice
to evaluate the success of a business
to identify improvements that need to be made
...





An action plan is a record of activities that shows how these activities will be organised to
achieve the objectives set out in the business plan
...

Help businesses focus on viable business ideas and devise strategies to achieve a specific
goal
...













Identify problems that may occur
...

Enables businesses to turn a business plan into an action plan
...

Serves as a monitoring tool to measure standards against performance
...

Action planning can bring individuals / experts who are knowledgeable in that area
...

Create ownership and accountability by creating a sense of individual and collective
ownership of the action plan
...

Measures for success can be made clear by providing a means of progress towards that goal
...









Summary of your vision, mission, long term goals and short-term goals
...

It gives an overview of what needs to be done who and when to complete it, as well as the
expected outcome
...

Gantt map - Use information about Action Step Map and Timeline
Developing Gantt chart clearly shows the activities against dates
...


A stakeholder is anyone who is affected
by the results of your project plan
...


STEP 1:
Identify & meet
with Stakeholders

Identify all stakeholders and keep their interests in mind when
creating the project plan
...


STEP 3:
Define
deliverables

Identify the deliverables and project planning steps required
to meet the project's goals
...


STEP 4:
Create the project
schedule

Define the series of tasks that must be completed to
accomplish each deliverable
...


STEP 5:
Identify issues and
complete a risk
assessment

Conduct a risk assessment and develop a risk management
strategy to make sure you're prepared
...


Define the following PLANNING TOOLS:
1
...





GANTT CHARTS or WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE (WBS)
Bar charts or graphs showing the duration of each task versus the progress of time
...

Use to schedule the timelines for a project to decide which tasks should be done when and in
what order
...

TIMELINES
A visual representation of chronological information
...

A simple tool that lists all the activities to be done and the date sequence in which each will
be completed
...




PROJECT PLANNING
A detailed description of all the activities that must be completed to successfully execute a
project
...


Discuss/Explain the IMPORTANCE of TIMELINES and GANTT CHARTS / WBS


It helps project managers and project teams to assess (1) how long a project should take,
(2) determine the resources needed, (3) understand the dependencies between tasks and
(4) plan the order in which each task should be completed to complete the whole project on
time
...

ACTIVITY

DEPENDANT ON
...


B

Do construction

A

6 weeks

C

Take measurements & buy paint
...


C

1 week

E

Plan layout of furniture & machinery
...


E

4 weeks

G

Arrange furniture & install equipment
...


A

6 weeks

I

Training staff
...


G

1 week

4 weeks

WEEK 15

WEEK 14

WEEK 13

WEEK 12

WEEK 11

WEEK 10

WEEK 9

WEEK 8

WEEK 7

WEEK 6

WEEK 5

WEEK 4

WEEK 3

WEEK 2

WEEK 1

ACTIVITY

GANTT-CHART:

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
24

TOPIC 4: SETTING UP/ STARTING A BUSINESS PLAN
Outline/Mention/Explain/Discuss FACTORS THAT MUST BE CONSIDERED BEFORE START-UP
CULTURE OF THE
ORGANISATION





ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGES

CUSTOMER SERVICES

1
...

2
...

Staff must become familiar with what is acceptable and what is not
...

This may mean changing the market plan
...

Business has to form a relationship with its clients
...

Determine if the industry is predicted to grow or decline
Determine the impact on business growth
...

 Use free or much less expensive software
 Identify suppliers you can work with and establish partnerships
 Negotiate discounts with suppliers
 Outsourcing is a method of paying a person or other company to
complete tasks for you which can be cheaper than hiring an employee

Learners must analyse the above-mentioned factors from scenarios/case
studies and make recommendations for improvement
...

STRATEGY

OPERATIONS

PRODUCTIVITY

SIZE OF A
BUSINESS

The strategy looks at how you will achieve your goals
...

 These must be used to develop the system and processes for the
business to achieve its outcomes
...

 This system provides constant feedback on any weaknesses and
successes
...

 Die besigheids- en aksieplanne identifiseer die operasionele plan
...

 Hulpbronne moet verkry en bestuur word
...

Productivity needs to be planned and monitored
...

 To ensure productivity in a business, costs are decreased and output
increased
...

 Improvements are implemented constantly to improve profits
...

 The success of a business often depends on the management and
staff
...

 If there are too many employees, it is difficult to keep control of the
quality of work for each employee, the actual work and productivity
levels
...


Explain/Discuss REASONS WHY BUSINESSES NEED FUNDING
...

To finance expansions to production capacity
...

To enter new markets
...

Moving to new premises
...

26

Outline/Mention/Explain SOURCES OF FUNDING
...

A bank loan is paid back with interest
...

Bank loans are generally used for long-term financing
...

It is repaid after a set period of time with interest
...

Angel funding is offered by wealthy entrepreneurs in exchange for a
share in the business
...

However, it carries a high risk for the investor
...

Some venture capitalists also request a position in management or on
the board
...

The day-to-day operations of our business, then we would finance this
using a short term source of finance
...


Businesses should evaluate each of the sources of finance in terms of
the risk involved
...

The cost of finance includes dividends, interest, etc
...






Presentations are important because they are used to validate business information
...

The information can be presented verbally or non-verbally
...


Distinguish between VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL PRESENTATION and give PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
VERBAL PRESENTATION

NON-VERBAL PRESENTATION

A Verbal presentation relates to speaking or an
oral presentation
Support materials for a verbal presentation are
 Flip Charts
 Data Projector
 Interactive white board
 Video Conferencing

A non-verbal presentation refers to the written
word
...


1
...

The table shows the sales of a grocery store over four
months, therefore the months can be compared
with each other
...
BAR GRAPH



Bar graphs capture quantitative information and
display data in comparative parallel bars
...
Especially the
highest and lowest levels are used to be analised in
reports
...

Generally used to show how trends has changed
over time (hourly/ daily/ monthly or yearly)
...
LINE GRAPHS


275

300

2016

2017

2018

2019

SALE OF GOLD IN RAND (MILLION)
300

275

200
150

175

165

200

100
0
2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

28

4
...

Pie charts are generally used to show percentage
...
FLOW CHARTS / DIAGRAMS





Flow charts are simple diagrams that map out a
process, so that one can easily communicate it to
other people
...

Example: the flow of a report system
...

o Only use slides to enhance what you are saying
...

o Slides must help you to get the message across
...




Posters are generally used to advertise, to emphasise or to remind the
audience
...
It must be bold, creative and eye catching
...
It must be quick and easy to read
...
Use only a few words and a big font
...
Have all the essential details clearly summarised
...
Get the intended message across strongly
...

Presentation notes as hand-outs contain too much detail
...

Hand-outs must be used to include details that could not be given
during the presentation, for example, more detailed graphs or
financial statements
...


Discuss/Explain/Recommend
aspects that the presenter
must consider DURING a
presentation
...


1
...


1
...
Stand throughout the

2
...


2
...


2
...
Information presented
should be relevant and
accurate
...
Be audible to all
listeners/audience
...
First listen and then

4
...


4
...


4
...
Rehearse to ensure a
confident presentation
and effective use of time
management
...
Make the presentation
interesting with visual aids /
anecdotes / examples /
Use visual aids effectively
...
Keep answers short and

the audience
...


uncertain
...


responding to questions
...


Justify the REASONS WHY BUSINESS PRESENTATIONS MUST BE IN A WRITTEN FORMAT
...

Presentations make it easier to engage the audience
...


30

Outline/Mention/Explain TYPES OF WRITTEN INFORMATION
...


BUSINESS PLAN



A written document describing the NATURE of the business, the SALES
and MARKETING STRATEGY, and the FINANCIAL background
...

One such report is the expense report: this report is a set of information
that is used to request allocation of funds
...




ANALYSIS



Information is RESEARCHED and COLLECTED, then the report provides an
ANALYSIS that LEADS to one or more RECOMMENDATIONS
...

STEP 1: Determine the purpose and scope of your business report



A business report should not be too vague
...


STEP 3: Consider your readers



Know why readers need a report
...


STEP 4: Gather and organize data and information


You can either collect information from primary sources or secondary sources
...

31

Outline/Mention/Explain factors that must be considered when COMPOSING A FLYER
...




Certain points to remember when preparing a flyer:

1
...


2
...


3
...


4
...


5
...


6
...


7
...


a
...


Who you are

c
...


How to contact you

e
...


32



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