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The Urinary System
The urinary system is responsible for filtering blood and removing metabolic wastes through
urine
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The system helps conserve valuable nutrients and
stabilize blood pH levels
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The Kidneys
The kidneys are two reddish-brown organs located on either side of the spine, partially
covered by the ribcage
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The renal cortex is the outer
part of the kidney, while the renal medulla is deeper
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The minor calyxes collect urine from the pyramids and lead to the major
calyxes
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Blood Flow to the Kidneys
Over one liter of blood flows through the kidneys each minute, which is incredible
considering the average person has about five liters of blood in their body
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The afferent
arterioles lead to the capillary bundles called glomeruli, where the filtering of blood and
production of urine occur
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Nephrons
Nephrons are microscopic tubular structures responsible for filtering blood and producing
urine
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Overview of Kidney Function
The kidney contains approximately 1
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The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus and
Bowman's capsule, which filter fluid and ions
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The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) selectively reabsorbs ions and water and
actively secretes toxins
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The Glomerulus
The glomerulus is a bundle of capillaries that filter blood and ions through fenestrated
capillaries
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The Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
The PCT reabsorbs important nutrients like water, ions, and plasma proteins through passive
processes of osmosis and diffusion
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The Loop of Henle
The loop of Henle concentrates urine through active transport by pumping out sodium and
chloride ions, which moves water out of the tubules and makes urine more concentrated
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It also
finalizes what becomes urine
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Basic Processes of the Urinary System
There are three basic processes involved in the urinary system:
Filtration: Occurs in the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule as blood pressure forces water
and solutes into the capsule
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Secretion: Transports solutes from the peritubular fluid back into the tube to get rid of
unwanted wastes out of the plasma
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Therefore,
secretion is necessary to maintain homeostasis
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Creatinine: This is derived from the breakdown of creatine phosphate, which is a muscle
tissue
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Eurobilin: This is a byproduct of the breakdown of bilirubin and gives urine its yellow color
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The Ureters
The ureters are a pair of muscular tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder
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Peristalsis moves urine down through these tubes
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It can hold up to one liter of
urine and has rugae, which are folds inside the bladder that allow it to expand
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The
internal urethral sphincter is an involuntary muscle that opens up as the bladder stretches
and lets urine out
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It is longer
in males than in females and can be up to eight inches long in men
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Urinary Conditions and Disorders
The urinary system is responsible for filtering waste products from the body and removing
them through urine
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Here are some common urinary conditions and disorders:
Urinary tract infections (UTI): UTIs are more common in women than men
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Kidney stones: Kidney stones can happen to both men and women
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Soundwaves can be
used to break the stones into smaller pieces that can be naturally eliminated from the body
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Dialysis is a temporary solution that filters the blood, and kidney transplant is
needed for a permanent solution
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It is caused by an infection in the body affecting the kidney negatively
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It is important to seek medical attention if you are experiencing any urinary symptoms or
discomfort

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