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The Astronomer Series: Astronomers of our History
Alana Monet-Telfer
Astronomer Scientists and their Achievements
There have been many astronomers who have helped give us an image of the universe, and how it
functioned
...
The four astronomers I shall talk about are Nicolaus Copernicus,
Johannes Keplar, Galileo Galilei and Sir Isaac Newton
...
He lived with his
mother and brother, and he studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Krakow from
1491-1494
...
He is now known as the founder of
modern astronomy and has a 1543 published book called “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Bodies”, which explains about the planets and their obits, as well as their positions
...

What did Copernicus Achieve?
Copernicus discovered, and brought back, the heliocentric theory, in the year after 1500, that the
earth was not at the centre, but that the sun was instead
...
With this information, he
created the Copernican Universe, in his book in the year 1543, which showed the moon revolving
around the earth and not the sun
...
What Copernicus also
achieved, was the real motion of the planets in the correct order, and used his theory to resolve the
disagreement of the correct order of the planets
...

Johannes Keplar:
Who was Keplar?
Keplar was German astronomer, astrologer and mathematician
...
He studied for the Lutheran Ministry at the University of Tubingen, since he had such a unique
intelligence
...
His mentor was Tycho Brahe, who let him look though his data and observations
of his opinion of the universe
...
Unfortunately, Keplar died of an illness in 1630 aged 58, but, he is
still remembered now as one of the greatest astronomers as well as the founder of celestial
mechanics
...
For example, the first law
that he stated in the year 1605, was that the planets obit was an ellipse around the sun
...

Therefore, he helped give Newton the information on the laws of motion and gravity, in order to help

him create the law of universal gravitation (gravity)
...
He saw the Copernium
system, and his mentor Brahe’s observations, which he found to be incorrect
...

Therefore, Keplar helped filled in the final piece to a million year old puzzle, by finding that the
planets orbited around ellipses and not circles, which Aristotle and Copernicus thought was the
correct orbits
...
For example, the Platonic Solid Model which was made to show the distances of the planets
from the sun, was in his published book
...
In his discovery of ellipses, Kepler also wiped out Brahe’s data of the way he
thought the solar system was, and proved that his data had inaccurate information
...

 He dissevered refraction within the eye as well as how its vision worked
...

Book of Dioptrice (1609)
 He discovered magnification as well as real inverted images
...

 He explained the properties of Internal Reflection
...
He was the
eldest of seven siblings, and he went to Jesuit monastery to become a monk
...
He studied mathematics at the
University of Pisa at the age of 17, and by the time he was 20, he was teaching mathematics to
students inside of the university
...
His astronomical
achievements began in that times, by hearing about a Dutch optician, who was creating a device that
can make people, see distance objects clearly
...

After a day of experimenting and inventing, he came up with his own 3-powerd telescope called
Galileo’s Telescope
...
Once he was done, he took his refined 10-powered telescope with him to Venice, which
made his salary double
...
In the year 1610, on 12th of March, he published his
findings and observations in his book called “The Starry Observer”
...
Unfortunately, Galileo
was imprisoned for life in his home, sixteen years after his accusation, in the year 1633, for writing a
published dialogue called “The Two Great Systems of the World” which explained about the
Copernican theory
...

What did Galilei Achieve?

The discoveries he found, helped him achieve his gaol of changing the view of an earth centred
theorized society
...
He also
helped bring Nicolaus Copernicus’s heliocentric theory more into the light, by releasing that Jupiter’s
four moons did not go around the earth, therefore, this intrigued Galileo and made him want to prove
that the Copernican theory was true
...
Finally, Galileo discovered the
rings of Saturn, dark patches known as sun spots, which were on the sun as well as the phases of
Venus which began from a disk and ended with a silver light
...

Other Discoveries:
 Inertia: As a physicist, Galileo came up with his concept of a motion which in a particular
state until a certain force acts upon it
...

Sir Isaac Newton
Who was Isaac Newton?
Sir Isaac Newton was born on the day Galileo Galilei died; this was in the year 1642 on January the
4th
...

Newton became very interested in Copernicus, Keplar, and Galilei’s systems and beliefs, inventions,
observations and discoveries
...
In 1687, he published a well known famous book called “Principia”, which
explained his findings on the laws of motion and gravity
...
Newton died
in the year 1727 in his sleep aged 84, but, what he left behind on earth would change the earth’s
perception on our universe and science forever
...
He was able to take all the ideas, and hypothesis, from Copernicus, Keplar,
and Galilei, and combine them into one clear and unchangeable solution, of how the universe
functioned
...
From Newton’s
view on the universe, we have found why the planets are held in an orbit, this is due to the mass of
the suns force pulling all the planets towards it and holding them in an orbit around it
...
With his work,
he was able to create the beginning foundations of modern physics and strengthen the heliocentric
system, which was purposed by Copernicus to finally make it believable and true
...

Thanks to his law on light refraction reflecting mirror telescope design, it has helped us give clear
images of the planets and not inaccurate ones found by Galileo in the past
...
Therefore, this intrigued him to write the book, explaining how objects moved, as
the force acts upon it
...
An object
in motion continues in motion, with the same speed and in the same direction unless
acted on by an unbalanced force
...
The second law in his book states:


Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass
...


Newton’s second law explains how a force will act on an object; it also explains that in order to a
heavier object to be moved, more force is needed
...

This third law explains that when an object is pulled, pushed or accelerated in a direction, the object
will have an equal force which will accelerate it in the other direction
...

Gravity and the Sun:
After Newton saw the apple fall from the tree, his mind started to ponder on what force made the
apple fall to the ground, as well as what kept it there in a still motion
...
He used the theory of the apple and compared it to not just objects on the earth, but
also to the earth and sun, therefore, he discovered that this gravity holding the planets was the sun,
and that the suns mass is so great, that its force was pulling the earth and moon towards it and
holding both planets in orbit
...
With his laws of motion and gravity, he was able to solve all the
problems that took thousands of years to find
...
Therefore, in the year 1672, Newton created the reflecting telescope that
used mirrors, instead of glass lenses that were used by Galileo, to reflect light seen from an object,
into many different colours
...
The light will then light shot into the observer’s eye,
and would enable him to clearly see the image of the star in the sky
...

How did these Astronomers Change our Perception of the Universe in the Past?
Copernicus
Before Copernicus came into the picture, and changed mankind’s thoughts of the universe, Aristotle’s
principles remained strongly in the minds of the Greek people about his understanding of the
universe
...
They also believed that the moon was the closest planet to the earth, and that the planet

order went in Mercy, Venus, Sun, Mars and Jupiter as well as all the heavenly bodies moving in a
circular uniform motion
...
Also he found the evidence needed to prove that the
earth was not at the centre, the planets did not move in a circular uniform around the earth, and the
planets were not in the order that Aristotle purposed true
...
He also helped our understanding of the universe
by creating the Copernican Universe, which shows the right order of planets
...

Keplar
Through his published book, called the Mysterium Cosmorgraphicum, Keplar helped people, of that
time, understand deeper about our universe and the Copernican theory
...
Through
his second law of planetary motion, he helped Isaac Newton to improve on his law and create the law
of gravity, which came from the law of universal gravitation
...
This explains why we now understand that planets move faster as they get
near the sun, and move slower as they move away from the sun
...
For
example, people of that time thought the moon was a smooth, polished heavenly body, however,
Galileo discovered, though his telescope, and that the moon has craters on its surface which means it
had an uneven, jagged and non-smooth surface
...
There were a
few other ways Galileo helped change the perception of the universe and the Ptolemaic system which
was made by Aristotle
...

Moon was a smooth, polished heavily body

What Galileo Found Instead
These light points were actually disks
The moon had mountains and craters, which
made its surface uneven, unpolished and not
smooth
Saturn had Rings (Or what Galileo called ears)

Saturn was just a smooth round planet with
no rings
...

of undiscovered stars
...

Newton
Newton has helped changed many perceptions of the universe, which were not true
...

Fortunately, Newton helped people to see that the planets were held by the mass force of the sun and

that objects fell and stayed down by the force of gravity
...
The telescopes we have today were
taken from Newton’s original design of his telescope, which used the refection of light on mirrors
...
All in all, without Isaac
Newton, we would still be in the dark ages, trying to answer the complicated questions about our
universe, and how everything functions in it
...
The two early astronomy equipments I shall talk about are
Galileo’s telescope and Brahe’s measurement equipment
...
The inadequacy of incorrectly drawn symmetrical lenses, in Galileo’s
drawn diagrams, therefore made Galileo’s discoveries inaccurate since the lenses of Galileo’s
telescope must of shown unclear images
...




Unaligned Colour Images: An example of how a image is clearly seen from a accurate
telescope, is when light, from a planet, comes though today’s telescopes, the double convex
and double concave lenses curve the different light coloured images from space outward, or
inward, therefore, this means the light will go into the observer’s eyes and make them able to
see planets and other observations from space clearly
...
The reason for
this was due to the structure and the shape of the lenses
...

The problem with colour aberration was when the light came though the telescope, the planet
would seem to be encircled by different spectrums of colours
...




Incorrect Observations: The incorrect drawings, followed by the colour images from the
light of plants being fuzzy, due to his lenses being incorrect, gave Galileo inaccurate images,
which therefore, gave incorrect observations and results
...


Disadvantages of Early Astronomer Equipment:
Astronomer equipment has helped make many opinions of the planets for over millions of years
...

How did the Disadvantages of Astronomer Equipment affect Society?
It was not the actual astronomer equipment that caused misconceptions to build in the time period
where people were learning about the universe, it was the myths and inaccurate information coming
from the astronomers who used the equipment that gave society of that time misconceptions of the
universe which they would of understood and thought that it was the right ways of understanding the
universe
...
He also loved to do in-depth studies on mars with
his telescope and other astronomy equipment, however, the discoveries he found, led him to
think a wrong hypothesis
...
This lead to another astronomer,
called Percival Lowell, believing the same thing and trying to theorise it so that other would
believe him
...
Other reason why it’s impossible that aliens are on
mars, are due to the fact the mars temperature pressure creates only ice on its surface as
well as its atmosphere being filled with carbon dioxide
...

Fortunately after some orbital pictures of the area, astronomers found that the face like life
forms that seemed to live on the planet, were just rocks with face like features on them,
therefore, the possibility that there were faces living on mars surface was a optical illusion due
to the poor lighting of the pictures taken before the mars global surveyor did the detailed
orbital pictures
...
He also
thought that other planets revolved around the sun, which revolved around the earth
...




Saturn has Ears: When Galileo observed Saturn’s rings, though his 30-pwered telescope,
he only saw extensions at either side of the planet which seemed to him to be ears
...




The Moon is a Smooth, Polished Heavenly Body: This was thought by the Ptolemaic
system created by Aristotle
...


Other Myths about Space
 Mars Skies are Red: This myth was found not to be true, due to the discovery of Rayleigh
scattering
...
This means that even though the skies of mars in films are
orange or red, the real skies of mars are not red, but are tan and earthy blue
...
Copernicus, who created the Copernican model,
believed that all the planets revolved around the sun in circles
...
This discovery that the planets went around in elipses, was
discovered by Johannes Kelper
...
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