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ASSESSING LEARNERS’ UNDERSTANDING OF LITERATURE

Introduction
•

One significant role of the language teacher is literacy assessment through
literature
...


•

Language and literature teachers need to master how to develop
assessment tools
...


Measurement
•

Determines the number of items correctly answered by each learner,
information is collected as to how much (score) a learner has understood
the reading selection
...


Assessment
•

In the systematic process, the language teacher is engaged in assessment
...
To measure the extent of the learners’ achievement of the instructional
objectives
...
To diagnose the learners’ strengths and weaknesses
...
To monitor learners’ progress in learning
...
To measure aptitude for learning
...
To evaluate the effectiveness of teaching
...
To classify or place learners in appropriate reading classes
...
To determine readiness for instructional processes
...
Validity – The ability of the test to measure what it intends to assess
...

To ensure a valid test it must have the following:
content validity – test items are based on the objectives and content of the
lessons
...

concurrent validity – the ability to correlate significantly test scores of the
learners to their scores in another test which was taken within the same period
...


2
...
There are methods to establish reliability
...


parallel form or equivalent form – if an equivalent form of a reading test
(Form A and Form B) is used to the same group of learners, and the two sets of
scores are correlated
...

Kuder-Richardson Formula 20

Population Variance Formula

Example:

split half – when the scores are divided into odd-numbered item scores and evennumbered item scores, then two sets of scores are tested for correlation index
...
Practicality – the ease of constructing the test, as well as the ease of
administering and scoring it
...

Developing Objective Tests
• An objective test is one that requires only one correct answer, and all other
answers are categorized as wrong based on objective criteria
...
The popularity of objective tests
as a mode of measuring reading and comprehension skills is attributed to
their ease in preparation, scoring and marking
...
True or False/ Yes or No
• This test measures the ability of the reader to determine the truth or falsity
of the statement presented
...
The reader is
instructed to read the statement
...

In constructing True or False items when using content-based reading selections,
the following suggestions need to be considered:
• Sentences must be simple and declarative, using direct language
• Statements are absolutely true or false, no qualification needed
...

• Include enough background, context, and qualification when necessary
...

• Brush your teeth three times a day
...

Sample Test Items:
Directions: Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that follow:
Marc Jayden noticed that his wallet is not in his pocket
...
He wondered where
he could have lost it
...

If you are going to help him find the wallet, which of the following information should
be included in the announcement? Write YES before each number if it could help,
NO if it is not helpful
...
It is dark brown
...
It was a birthday gift
...
It is made of leather
...
It is imported
...
It has his ID inside
...
Multiple-Choice Test
• A multiple-choice test asks the learner to recognize from a set of choices the
best or correct answer to a question
...
It also reduces test anxiety among
learners
...
Students should
consider the rather than in the given choices for the multiple-choice test item
as well as their previous knowledge of the subject area
...
beach
B
...
mountain
Distractor
Keyed Answer
Distractor
b
...

Incorrect: The animal tortoise described in the story is a good example of an
A
...
amphibian
C
...
Make the choices similar in length, tense, number, sentence structure, part of
speech, etc
...

Incorrect: What did the boy expect from everyone he met?

A
...
treat him with mercy
C
...
mercy
C
...
In constructing the stem, use more often a direct question and less of the
incomplete sentence type of stem
...
Word or phrases that are repeated in the options are better integrated into the
stem to reduce the reading load of the learners
...
Muslims are sea lovers
...
Muslims are boat-dwellers
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Muslims are good fishers
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sea lovers
B
...
boat-dwellers
D
...
Arrange responses in a logical order
...
Give clear directions to guide the learners on what to do with the question and
how to answer
...
Circle
the letter of your choice
...
Fill-in-the-Blank
Fill-in-the-blank test is suitable for assessing students' knowledge of quick factual
information
...
Test
situations appropriate for this type include giving the meaning of words, antonym
or synonym, and details about the story
...

Example: The opposite of SILENT is _____
...

Example: The author of the story is
With the description given by the author, the setting of the story is The following
suggestions are given to make this type of test more effective:
Put the blank at the end of the statement to orient the learner on the context
...

In a set of fill-in-the-blank items, make the blanks of the same length to avoid giving
a clue to the correct answer
...
Matching Type
Reading teacher's choice of matching type test items are wise to consider
...
It enables the reading teacher to cover more content in one
test, and is excellent in checking knowledge of the learner
...
If a response is
used more than once, the learners must also know
...
Items in Column A are numbered consecutively while items in Column B are
lettered alphabetically
...
Give more responses (about three more) in Column B than the premises
(Column A)
...
Longer statements are placed on the premises to reduce reading
time, and shorter ones are in the responses
...
Items to be matched should be homogenous
...

Sample Test Item:
Directions: Match the idiomatic expression in Column A with their meanings in
Column B
...
Remember that items in Column B could be used more than once or never
...
Second to none A
...
Cross your finger B
...
Busy as a bee C
...
In hot water D
...
See eye to eye E
...
Agree

G
...
Vocabulary Recognition Tests –These tests measure the receptive
vocabulary and the vocabulary breadth of the learners
...
Picture Cues – Show a picture (for example, a dog) to the learners and
ask them to identify what it is
...
One variation is to present a group of
three to four pictures and ask a learner to pick out the image of a dog
...
Finding the Odd One Out – The learners study a group of words, one
of which is much different and does NOT belong to the group
...

c
...

d
...

Directions: Draw a line to connect the two words with the opposite
meaning
Strong
Fast
Slow
Weak
e
...

Directions: Study the prefixes in Column A, then find the words in
Column B that could be combined with them to produce new
meaningful words
...
Yes/No Questions – This test requires the learners to demonstrate
appropriate knowledge of the word
...
Both questions should be correctly
answered
...
Productive Tests – These types of tests assess the productive vocabulary
and vocabulary depth of the learners
...
Word Associates – This test measures the ability of the learners to
produce words that are suggested by the descriptions used as cues
to desired word
...

A person who teaches is engaged in teach_____
...
Collocations – This test measures the ability of the learners to
identify words that go together
...
Sentence Completion – This test requires the learners to complete
a sentence using ideas and vocabulary that fit the context
...

I got excited when _______________________________
When dogs bark they_____________________________
d
...
The
more details or attributes they could give about it, the richer is their
vocabulary
...

Cat is a ___________________________
Rice is a __________________________
e
...
The richer the
vocabulary of the learner, the more successful he/she is in doing the
task
...
Select a text that is interesting to the learners
...
Keep the first and last sentence of the selection intact
...
Determine what type of format to use
...
Fixed ratio cloze – the deleted word to be restored comes every after a
statistically predetermined number, like removing every seventh word in
the text
...
C test – It assesses global language proficiency, which requires learners
to use context to determine the missing half of the words
...

f
...

Testing Reading Skills
What is Reading Skills?
Reading Skill are abilities that pertain to a person's capacity to read, comprehend,
interpret and decode written language and texts
...

Types of Reading and Text Comprehension Test
• Reading Readiness Test
• Reading Comprehension Test
• Non-prose Reading Test

1
...
These tests include:
a
...

Sample

Test

Items:

Arrange the Names alphabetically:
Dante

Bert

Chona

Abby

Edgar

Greta

Freida

b
...
Test items also involve the learners in segmenting words, syllables,
phonemes, blending sound to form words, recognizing ending sounds that
rhyme, and omitting syllables and sounds, and sound substitution and
manipulation
...
Tell me how many different sounds are there in the following words:
Cat

Dog

Bed

Get

Ten

2
...

Let us begin:
Sit- Feet

Wing- Then

Going- Seeing

Dog- Wood

c
...

Samples items:
What makes BET and BAT different?
What word rhymes with PAGE?

date

cage

wait

break

What letter comes before/after H?

d
...

Sample Test item:
Ball
Van
Flower

🌻
🏀
🚐

e
...

f
...

2
...
The five dimensions, as explained in chapter 6, are
sources of the varied types of test items that could be constructed
...
Skills tested include the following:
a
...

Examples: Who are the characters in the story?
What happened when the boy released the bird?
What crops do they grow in Mang Ramon’s farm?
What made Jonas cry?
b
...
Questions belonging to this category of comprehension
include:
Getting the main idea: What does the paragraph tell about air pollution?
Deriving meaning through context: After Mario answered, the teacher
commented: “You hit the nail
on its head
...

Inferring character traits: Based on the descriptions of Ana, which of the following
would appropriately describe her?
Finding the main idea and supporting details: In this set of five sentences, identify
the main idea and determine the supporting details
...
Applied/Integrative (Reading beyond the lines)- Learners are asked
questions whose answers are based on their ability to make connections of

the information read to their life experiences and knowledge
...
Non-prose Reading Test
This group of tests uses charts, maps, product labels, signs, and symbols,
menus, and other materials that use minimal words to explain something
...

Assessing Learners Reading Profiles
Reading
• The most essential skill for success in all educational contexts, means a skill
of paramount importance as we create assessments of general language
ability
...

Helping learners become good readers entails
• The use of valid information
• The use of reliable information
• The conduct of an informal reading inventory

Informal Reading Inventory
• One of the means commonly used in basic education to determine the
reading profile of the learners is the conduct of an informal reading inventory
...

• Also known as an informal tool
...

• Learners do not become aware that they are being subjected to a test
...

• A pretest is conducted to assess the current reading abilities of the learners
...

• They are assisted in overcoming the weakness
...

The Informal Inventory determines

Initial baseline data can be used by the teacher design a reading
instructional plan to:
Help learners with:
1
...
Concerns
•

Poor vision

•

Hearing loss

•

Dyslexia

Reporters:
Lyka Princess A
...
De Gracia
Gio Rafael N
...
Acob
Marei Neill M

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