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Object Oriented Programming with Java CSC 230
Ghana, GCUC
Study guide, definitions, and notes

The software development life cycle is the time and money-efficient technique used by
developers to create high-quality software
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In electrical and other disciplines Engineers have principles that
guide them in their field of work, Engineers in software development also have
norms and principles that guide them during software development
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In that, when we want to
develop or write a program, we should remember to put the following software
development life cycle in mind and make use of them
SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)
Computer programming is not only about writing source codes and compiling
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The sequence of stages from conception to operation
of a program is called the software life cycle
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There are five major phases in the software life
cycle: user requirement, analysis, design, coding, testing/debugging,
implementation/operation, and maintenance
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User needs
can be obtained as a result of interaction between the System Analyst and the
users
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Analysis
After the user requirement is drawn, one has to go on with analyzing the problem
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The problem is analyzed
to see whether a solution is possible
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Design
This is the phase the requirement specification is turned into a detailed design of
the program
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During design, Unified Modeling Language
(UML) class diagrams and state transition diagrams, and others are created to
ease the work of the programmer
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Class/Object Diagram
A class diagram is a static UML diagram that shows the name, fields (or
characteristics or attributes or properties), and methods of the class
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An entity may have several attributes, but the scenario at hand would
require few to be recorded on the entity
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Thus, the programmer or designer should always bear in mind the
scenario (or universe of discourse or mini world) before listing down the
characteristics of the object selected from the scenario
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The content of the top
section indicates the name of the class, the middle section shows the list of fields
or attributes of the class and the bottom section shows a list of methods or
procedures of the class
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Class Name List of Fields List of Methods Figure 1 Class Diagram
KDP records the details of the student (such as ID, name, gender, date of birth,
and admitted class)
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A student can also be moved from one class to another
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The
characteristic of the students to be recorded are ID, Name, Gender, Date of Birth,
and Admitted class
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In here, we can add a new student, delete a student record and move a student
from one class to another
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UML
Symbols UML uses some symbols like plus (+), sharp(#), and minus(-) to signify
access modes public, protected, and private respectively
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Also, an underlined member in the
diagram may mean static or shared members of the class
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From the above examples, it can be observed that all the field
names are preceded by a minus indicating that they are private members
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-StudentID: String

-Name: String
-Gender: String
-DOB: Date
-Admitted Class: String
+ addStudent(Stud: Student): void
+deleteStudent(StudID: String):void
+changeStudentClass(Studid: String, nClass:
String):Boolean

Coding
In this phase, we implement the design into an actual program, using a
programming language available
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In this course, we will use
Java as the language for code implementation
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When implementation is completed,
the testing phase follows before the actual use of the program
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There are two types of testing: these are unit and integration
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integration Test:
A test is performed on several classes in a program to determine whether classes
work together correctly
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An error is a mistake in a program that prevents the smooth
running of the program and accurate output from the program
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During testing, we find and correct all
errors/bugs that may occur
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An error can be categorized under logical, syntactic, or run-time
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For instance, if the statement y = x + 5 is required at a point in the
program and the programmer mistakenly writes it as y = x * 5, the result of the
expression will yield an error – wrong output
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A syntax error is an error that may occur as a result of writing instructions that are
not supported by the language in question
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If a programmer declares
an identifier as follows there will be syntax errors: VariableName DataType;
Syntax errors are the only errors the compiler can identify during compilation
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It is
normally generated by the operating system
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An invalid referencing may be attempting to
read from a file that does not exist or is corrupted, printing to a printer that does
not exist or is faulty, etc
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Implementation/Operation
After successful testing and debugging, the program is put into use by installing it
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The programmer
then waits for comments from the program users and is ready to make necessary
corrections in order to maintain the program
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Software maintenance means, making necessary changes
to the developed and operating software to tally with the current requirements

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