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Title: cell theory
Description: The document contains complete description of cell theory alongwith cell organelles and their functions
Description: The document contains complete description of cell theory alongwith cell organelles and their functions
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Cell Theory
Biology comes from the Greek words 'bios' meaning life and 'logos'
meaning study
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The basic unit of life
is the cell, which is the building block of the human body
...
Living organisms are divided into two categories: prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
...
Eukaryotes have a membranebound nucleus and protein-bound linear DNA
...
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Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms, while eukaryotes can
be unicellular or multicellular
...
•
Virus does not reproduce on its own and needs a host
...
Cell theory has four tenets:
1
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2
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3
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4
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Plant cells are eukaryotic cells
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A group of organs forms a system
that performs body functions
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The latter has a nucleus, which is an organelle
surrounded by a nuclear membrane or membrane-bound organelles
...
Together, the
cytoplasm and nucleus are called protoplasm
...
The plasma membrane is a lipid
bilayer with two membranes and an intermembrane space in
between
...
Organelles and Their Functions
•
Nucleus: carries genetic material in the form of DNA
organized into chromosomes
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Mitochondria: power plants that provide energy
•
Lysosome: soldier that destroys stuff
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Endosome: delivery guy that packages and delivers stuff
•
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): rough ER translates protein
for secretion, while smooth ER is responsible for fat
synthesis
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Golgi Apparatus: sorter that modifies cellular products, sorts
them, and directs delivery
•
Peroxisome: personal gym trainer that breaks down fatty
acids
Follows Function
Organelles are necessary for specific functions
...
The islets of
Langerhans need to secrete insulin and glucagon, so they need lots
of Golgi and ER
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The nucleus contains genetic material in the form of DNA, which is
essential for cell replication
...
The nucleus also contains a smaller structure called the
nucleolus, which is involved in the assembly of ribosomes
...
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The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains genetic
material in the form of DNA
...
The nucleolus is a smaller structure inside the nucleus that is
involved in the assembly of ribosomes
...
• Mitochondria are semi-autonomous, meaning they have their and
replicate independently of the nucleus
...
• Mitochondria also play a role or programmed, and release enzymes to
initiate this process
...
• The mitochondria have a structure, with outer membranes, cristae (infoldings of the inner membrane), and a matrix (inside the inner
membrane)
...
• The outer membrane forms a barrier between the cytosol and the
mitochondria, while the inner membrane contains molecules and
enzymes for ATP
...
• Mitochondrial DNA is similar to bacterial DNA and is the mother
...
• Mitochondria most of the ATP in the cell, but glycolysis in the cytosol
also produces a small amount of ATP
...
Overall, mitochondria are essential organelles that produce energy for
the cell and play a role in cell death cellular processes
...
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste
products, and their membrane keeps these enzymes contained to prevent
them from digesting the cell itself
...
The video emphasizes the
importance of lysosomes in maintaining cell health and encourages
viewers to subscribe to the channel for more educational content
...
•
Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down waste
products
...
•
Lysosomes work in an acidic environment, similar to the
stomach
...
•
The video emphasizes the importance of lysosomes in
maintaining cell health
...
There are two subtypes
the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which has ribosomes and is involved
in protein translation, and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which
helps detoxify substances and is involved in fat synthesis
...
Highlights
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The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubular structures in
the cell
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The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and is
involved in protein translation
...
The endoplasmic reticulum works with the Golgi apparatus to
produce important substances in the cell
...
The Golgi apparatus works in
conjunction with the endoplasmic reticulum, endosomes, and lysosomes
to transport vesicles to their destinations
...
The Golgi
apparatus is essential for secretory cells and is considered a hero in
cellular function
...
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It works with the endoplasmic reticulum, endosomes, and
lysosomes to transport vesicles
...
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It is responsible for the production of lysosomes
...
Abnormalities in peroxisomes can lead to peroxisomal
diseases, such as X-linked adrenal leukodystrophy, which affects the
nervous system
...
•
They play a role in lipid catabolism and the synthesis of
phospholipids
...
•
Abnormalities in peroxisomes can lead to peroxisomal diseases,
such as X-linked adrenal leukodystrophy
...
The cytoskeleton is made up of different
types of proteins, such as actin and tubulin, and is involved in various
cellular processes like muscle contraction and cell signaling pathways
...
Highlights
•
Cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a network of proteins that
provides structure and shape to the cell
...
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Different types of proteins, such as actin and tubulin, make up
the cytoskeleton
...
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Eukaryotic cells have three types of cytoskeletons
microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
...
Microfilaments are
made up of actin monomers that polymerize to form filaments, which
help determine the shape of the cell and are involved in various cellular
processes such as cell division and movement
...
Highlights
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Microfilaments, also known as actin filaments, are a type of
structural protein found in the cytoskeleton of cells
...
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Actin filaments are involved in cell division, muscle
contraction, cytokinesis, intracellular transport, and endocytosis
...
They can form
structures such as cilia and flagella, which are involved in cell
movement
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Highlights
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Microtubules are a part of the cytoskeleton in cells and are
made up of alpha tubulin and beta tubulin proteins
...
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Defects in microtubules can lead to diseases like Cartagena
syndrome and polycystic kidney disease
...
The
intermediate filaments are stronger than microfilaments and form a
dense network called nuclear lamina inside the nucleus
...
The video also
mentions the various functions of the cytoskeleton, including providing
structure, aiding in muscle contraction, and facilitating cell division
...
•
Different types of intermediate filaments are found in different
tissues, such as vimentin and keratin
...
Epithelium, a type of tissue found throughout the body
...
It is made up of cells that form tissues, which then form organs
and systems in the body
...
Epithelium has two surfaces, one
near the basement membrane and the other near the outer surface or
cavity
...
Highlights
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Epithelium is a tissue found on the outer surface of the skin and
lining the inner surfaces of hollow organs
...
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Epithelium has two surfaces one near the basement membrane
and the other near the outer surface or cavity
...
Connective tissue, which is one of the four types of tissues in the body
...
It secretes collagen and elastin to form the
extracellular matrix
...
Examples of connective tissue include bone, cartilage, tendons, blood,
and fat cells
...
•
It secretes collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix
...
•
Examples of connective tissue include bone, cartilage, tendons,
blood, and fat cells
Title: cell theory
Description: The document contains complete description of cell theory alongwith cell organelles and their functions
Description: The document contains complete description of cell theory alongwith cell organelles and their functions