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Title: The Eye - Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide
Description: This study guide tells you all you should know about the human eye, including the anatomy and parts of the eye, common vision problems and their solutions, and optical instruments invented to enhance the eye's vision for various aspects of life.
Description: This study guide tells you all you should know about the human eye, including the anatomy and parts of the eye, common vision problems and their solutions, and optical instruments invented to enhance the eye's vision for various aspects of life.
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The Eye
EYE
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●
An opaque ball averaging 2
...
Iris
● Colored circle of the eye which may be brown, black, gray, etc
...
Pupil
● Black circle in the middle of the eye
● Opening through which light enters the inner portion of the eye
● Changes size to regulate the amount of light entering the eye
●
●
When in a dim environment, the pupil will enlarge to allow more light to pass through the
eye
...
3
...
Cornea
● Eye's clear, protective outer layer
● The outer thin, transparent membrane of the eyeball that covers the iris, pupil & anterior
chamber
● Refracts most of the incident light that enters it
5
...
Crystalline Lens
● Clear convex structure behind the pupil
● Can focus on objects at different distances by changing its shape
● Accommodation - ability of the lens to change shape
7
...
Retina
● Inner surface of the eye
● For normal vision, the image of an object seen by the eye is formed exactly at the retina
...
Fovea
● Region of most distinct vision which has about 200,000 cones but no rods
10: Blind Spot
● Point in the retina where the optic nerves exit
11: Optic Nerves
● Carries images from the retina to the brain
12: Choroid
● Found between the retina & sclera
● Composed of layers of blood vessels & connective tissues
● Nourishes the back of the eye with blood & nutrients
13: Aqueous Humor
● Found between the cornea & lens
14: Vitreous Humor
● Found on the other side of the lens
● Both humors are gel-like fluids responsible for giving the eye its near perfect spherical
shape
...
EYE ANATOMY
COMMON VISION PROBLEMS & HOW TO CORRECT THEM
Myopia (nearsightedness)
● Near objects appear clear, objects farther away look blurry
Hyperopia (farsightedness)
● Things that are far away are better seen than things up close
Presbyopia (aging eyes)
● Crystalline lens hardens & ciliary muscles become less flexible
Astigmatism
● Cannot focus simultaneously on horizontal & vertical lines
VISUALS OF VISION PROBLEMS:
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
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Glasses/Lenses
Cameras
Magnifier (magnifying glasses) & Compound Microscopes
Telescopes = refracting & reflective telescopes
CAMERAS
●
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Human's answer to the eye's inability to produce a permanent record of the images
formed at the retina
Similar to the eye in terms of essential structures & function
Camera Obscura
● Literally means "dark chamber" ; predecessor of the modern-day camera
● Darkened box with a single small opening on one wall & is projected on a white wall
● Invented by English philosopher & scientist Roger Bacon
Photographic Camera
● Considered a mechanical eye
● Created when French inventor Joseph Nicephore Niepce used the camera obscura
coupled with 1 lens to project an image onto light-sensitive paper
MAGNIFIER & COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Magnifying glass
● Converging lens that produces a virtual, upright & enlarged image of an object (placed at
a distance less than its focal length)
● To examine an object, the glass must be held as near as possible to the eye so that a
bigger image is formed at the retina
...
Magnifying glasses enable you to move the object closer to the eye without requiring
them to focus closer than 25 cm
...
= It lies just inside the focal point of the eyepiece
The eyepiece acts like a magnifying glass to produce a magnified, virtual final image at
infinity
The distance between the 2 lenses = length of the telescope == sum of the focal lengths
of the 2 lenses
Accidentally invented by Dutch lens maker Hans Lippershey when he looked at a distant
church using 2 converging lenses
...
= The patent was denied because the invention was so simple
...
= Galileo was believed to be the 1st person to point a telescope at the sky to study the
moons of Jupiter
Title: The Eye - Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide
Description: This study guide tells you all you should know about the human eye, including the anatomy and parts of the eye, common vision problems and their solutions, and optical instruments invented to enhance the eye's vision for various aspects of life.
Description: This study guide tells you all you should know about the human eye, including the anatomy and parts of the eye, common vision problems and their solutions, and optical instruments invented to enhance the eye's vision for various aspects of life.