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Development of imperialism 1857-1890
Tuesday, 24 January 2023

12:13

The expansion of the British Empire in Africa; the Suez Canal and Egypt:
• At the end of the 18th century, the loss of Britain’s American colonies sent a Bri
Since Britain underwent a massive industrial revolution in the 19th cenntury, ste
footholds in these continents
• The key reason for British expansion in Africa was the prospect of further trade
• Increasing trade led to a growth in the personal influence of British merchants in
such as David Livingstone and missionaries who saw it as their duty to spread t
Year

Territory acquired type of control

1868

Basutoland

protectorate established by treaty

1873

Griqualand West

Settlement (absorbed into Cape Colony in 1880)

1877

Transvaal

occupied

1879

Zululand

protectorate established by war (annexed to natal in 188

1882

Egypt + Sudan

occupation establishing a client state

1884

Southern Nigeria

chartered company rule

1884

Somaliland

protectorate established by treaty

1885

Bechuanaland

protectorate established by treaty

1885

Northern Nigeria

Chartered company rule

1888

Gambia

settlement established

1888

British East Africa chartered company rule

1888

Uganda

chartered company rule

Egypt and the Suez:

• After the American civil war of 1861, British mills were starved of raw cotton
...
Buil
which halved the maritime distance from London to Bombay
• This was a big boost for trade and it increased direct control of India so the gov
• By 1870, 40% of Egypt’s imports were coming from Britain
• In 1875, when the Khedeve faced increasing debt, he sold shares to the British
• Unsurprisingly, in 1879 he was deposed by the Ottoman Sultan, and his son Te
• As it was British money and support that kept Egypt afloat, Lord Duffering there
Egyptian food and goods to prop up Egypt’s ailing economy and it’s army was r

itish ‘Swing to the East’ looking for influence in both Asia and Africa
...
He also cut the Suez Canal,

vernment could respond more quickly in the event of another mutiny

h for £4 million
ewfiq came to power
efore wielded considerable influence and taxes were imposed on
reduced by ⅔ which lead to increasing unemployment

Imperial and
INDIA:
• The exp
• In 1600
citizens
• By 1750
• In 1757
• At the b
• India be
• It was p
• In 1773
• India ac
• EIC arm
• Bengal
• Lots of
• Compa
and trad
• There w
• Althoug
• The Ind
• From 1
• There w
• Govern
the con
• During
• There w
• The dis
• In 1858
Indian M
• St
• Th
• H
• In
• Th
• Th
• Th
• Th
• D

colonial policy; India’s administration and defence; international relations, colonial policy and

pansion of British Influence in India had been overseen by the British East India company
0 the East India company (EIC) was founded by powerful financial elites, and it was a charter
s in it’s territories
...

0 the BEIC had large bases at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay and became a powerful organi
7, the declining Mughal empire was defeated by the EIC
battle of Plassey in 1757, the company was to rule India until 1858, in which it became aggre
ecame one of the most important colonies
...

my consisted of Sepoys and white officers
...
Killed 1/3 of the local populat
cash crops such as opium were being grown, instead of food, so that may have worsened th
any rule in 1818-1857 saw the establishment of missionary activity and schools, non-interfere
ditions
...

spatch of British troops to support the BEIC with Indian sepoys in the army demonstrated the
8 after the mutiny had been quelled, the BEIC handed the running and control of India over to
Mutiny:
tarted in 1857 among sepoys in the Bengal army who had grievances about pay and change
he Enfield rifle + animal fat offended both Hindu and Muslim religious sensibilities
However, the real trigger was the anger felt by landlords and nobles who had been deprived o
n February 1857, the Sepoys at Bengal refused to follow orders, with other battalions followin
hey seized control of most of the northern cities including (Agra, Lucknow and Cawnpore)
here was also a short-lived attempt to reinstate the old Mughal emperor
he Sepoys were joined by rural and urban populations who resented the heavy taxes impose
he emperor’s sons were swiftly executed so the Mughal empire couldn’t be restored
Delhi and Lucknow were devastated with some villages burnt

d the scramble for Africa; informal empire:

red company that had a monopoly over British trade in the East
...

lost their American colonies
...

of governor general (GG) which had to be approved by the British government
...

tion
...
Many resented this Br

line of descent ended (went against the Hindu tradition of adoption)
an population were showing an increase in political awareness (The Indian National congress
event a further mutiny
British troops and 125,000 native troops by the late 1880s
...

• In 1875, when the Khedive went bankrupt, Disraeli bought £4 million worth of sh
• In 1882 there was a nationalist revolt in Egypt because all the British and Frenc
provoked a nationalist mobilisation in the form of a demonstration by unpaid arm
government of Egypt
...

• At first, PM Gladstone sympathised with the Arabi revolt
...
However, the British faced opposition from Islamic cleric M
of mankind)
• Drawing on the long-term hostility towards Egyptian rule combined with hostility
nationalist movement into a jihadist army
...
It gave Britain income from shipping tariffs
...
This
my officers by Urabi Pasha
...
Ironclads
d to protect the canal
...

he was killed
yptian troops but was beheaded
...
It also became m
berian railway network
n in the 1880s, which became newfound competition for Britain
blishing a base in Singapore (1819)
...


n to have kick-started the scramble for Africa

ed that European intervention was necessary in Africa to develop natural resources eg
...


n February 1857, the Sepoys at Bengal refused to follow orders, with other battalions followin
hey seized control of most of the northern cities including (Agra, Lucknow and Cawnpore)
here was also a short-lived attempt to reinstate the old Mughal emperor
he Sepoys were joined by rural and urban populations who resented the heavy taxes impose
he emperor’s sons were swiftly executed so the Mughal empire couldn’t be restored
Delhi and Lucknow were devastated with some villages burnt
Mutineers tortured British officers and murdered their wives and children
he post-mutiny era saw Britain use India in a way that provided compensation for the costs o

pact of the mutiny:

he rebellion soured the relationship between the British and the Indians
he belief that India could be ‘Westernized’ was questioned and fuelled social Darwinist belief
lthough the earlier years of the century had some curiosity about Indian culture and it’s unfam
Lthough the Indian Raj was administered under British notions of fairness, the legal systems
While equality of opportunity was offered by the British, and provided opportunities for wealthie
ome Indian princes supported the Raj, although most of the population were indifferent to Br

enefits of the British Raj
• the British built railways
• The British offered markets for agricultural produce and developed schemes for
irrigation and land improvements
• The British provided Indians with cheap manufactures
• Schools and universities were provided
• Jobs in the police and civil service were provided for INdians
...
Germany

more active in Africa in the 1880s

ing railways and to establish and International Africa

ng suit

ed on them by the British government

of suppressing the revolt- hence it’s rapid extension of the rail network

fs
miliarity in 1858 a greater degree of separation set in
s imposed favoured the white man, and were too expensive and complex to help the poor
er Indians, it did little for the peasants
ritish rule despite the pageantry and displays that suggested otherwise

Drawbacks of the British Raj

• The railways were geared towards trade and control- most villages lacked mud roa
reasons rather than economic purposes
• Agricultural encouraged specialisation in cash crops rather than rice and grain whic
the population
• Irrigation schemes only affected 6% of the total land mass
• Only the privileged could benefit from British Schools and education- illiteracy rema
• Poverty continued death rates from famine were still h

The scramble for Africa:
• Brussels conference of 1876, and the Berlin conference of 1884-1885 were seen
Brussels conference 1876:
• Motivated by a desire to maintain Belgian interests in the Congo and it conclude
association
• This actually heightened competitions as European governments became suspic
Berlin conference 1884-1885:
• Otto Von Bismarck initiated the Berlin conference
• It secured that both basins and mouths of COngo and NIger rivers were to rema
• It also stated that powers with influence in the area should protect indigenous co
• All powers should support missionaries, explorations, scientific discoveries and/o
• Principle of effective occupation- A European power could only assert claim to a
• However, the General act triggered a further scramble for territories across Afric
• The conference and the Act also did little for the indigenous populations, as ther
linguistic or religious division
...

• The British announced the annexation of the Transvaal in 1877, claiming th
invasion of Zululand in 1879
• The Zulus were defeated and Zululand was incorporated into Natal
...

Laws were passed limiting the rights of black Africans to have any claims over th
workers were also forbidden by law from living wherever they wanted, and were

n to have kick-started the scramble for Africa

ed that European intervention was necessary in Africa to develop natural resources eg
...


ain neutral and open to trade (free trade)
ommunities and suppress the slave trade
or charitable undertakings
a land that was ‘effectively occupied’ and notify other powers- the general act
ca and by 1900, 90% of the continent was in European hands
re was no African representation at the Berlin conference and spheres of influence were map

s the slave trade

rly Chile and Latin America
rica accounted for 10% of Britain’s exports and imports in the 2nd half of the 19th century
access and uphold free trade treaties, while the threat of the Royal Navy ensured complianc
aties
ough the activities of John Kirk
needs to finance the British East India company through the sale of opium to the Chinese, le

dering the Orange free state, which caused greater friction between the Boers and the British
were seeking protection from the Boers and in 1871 the British also took West Griqualand an
er control over the ares
nd annexed their communities in the cape, but the Boers were less successful in their conflict

hey needed to defend the white European settlers against the Zulu and Pedi tribes- the Boer

r attacks occurred in the Pedi who were also defeated
...
Consequent
es
...
It was eagerly sought after by Uitlanders (non-Boer E
mself and the British empire
er British control
e local Bantu tribes whose lands were increasingly being eroded by white settlers
...


ing railways and to establish and International Africa

pped out with little regard to natural borders, ethnic,

ce in Peru and CHile in 1857 and 1863

eading to 2 opium wars, the second of which granted

h
nd East Griqualand in 1874

t with the Pedi tribe which maintained it’s

rs reluctantly accepted British aid and launched an

dependence soon after in 1880
...
Among them was Cecil

very of gold and diamonds did increase the wealth of

te people got skilled jobs and reaped the profits

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