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Development of imperialism 1857-1890
Tuesday, 24 January 2023

12:13

The expansion of the British Empire in Africa; the Suez Canal and Egypt:
• At the end of the 18th century, the loss of Britain’s American colonies sent a Bri
Since Britain underwent a massive industrial revolution in the 19th cenntury, ste
footholds in these continents
• The key reason for British expansion in Africa was the prospect of further trade
• Increasing trade led to a growth in the personal influence of British merchants in
such as David Livingstone and missionaries who saw it as their duty to spread t
Year

Territory acquired type of control

1868

Basutoland

protectorate established by treaty

1873

Griqualand West

Settlement (absorbed into Cape Colony in 1880)

1877

Transvaal

occupied

1879

Zululand

protectorate established by war (annexed to natal in 188

1882

Egypt + Sudan

occupation establishing a client state

1884

Southern Nigeria

chartered company rule

1884

Somaliland

protectorate established by treaty

1885

Bechuanaland

protectorate established by treaty

1885

Northern Nigeria

Chartered company rule

1888

Gambia

settlement established

1888

British East Africa chartered company rule

1888

Uganda

chartered company rule

Egypt and the Suez:

• After the American civil war of 1861, British mills were starved of raw cotton
...
Buil
which halved the maritime distance from London to Bombay
• This was a big boost for trade and it increased direct control of India so the gov
• By 1870, 40% of Egypt’s imports were coming from Britain
• In 1875, when the Khedeve faced increasing debt, he sold shares to the British
• Unsurprisingly, in 1879 he was deposed by the Ottoman Sultan, and his son Te
• As it was British money and support that kept Egypt afloat, Lord Duffering there
Egyptian food and goods to prop up Egypt’s ailing economy and it’s army was r

itish ‘Swing to the East’ looking for influence in both Asia and Africa
...
He also cut the Suez Canal,

vernment could respond more quickly in the event of another mutiny

h for £4 million
ewfiq came to power
efore wielded considerable influence and taxes were imposed on
reduced by ⅔ which lead to increasing unemployment

Imperial and
INDIA:
• The exp
• In 1600
citizens
• By 1750
• In 1757
• At the b
• India be
• It was p
• In 1773
• India ac
• EIC arm
• Bengal
• Lots of
• Compa
and trad
• There w
• Althoug
• The Ind
• From 1
• There w
• Govern
the con
• During
• There w
• The dis
• In 1858
Indian M
• St
• Th
• H
• In
• Th
• Th
• Th
• Th
• D

colonial policy; India’s administration and defence; international relations, colonial policy and

pansion of British Influence in India had been overseen by the British East India company
0 the East India company (EIC) was founded by powerful financial elites, and it was a charter
s in it’s territories
...

0 the BEIC had large bases at Madras, Calcutta and Bombay and became a powerful organi
7, the declining Mughal empire was defeated by the EIC
battle of Plassey in 1757, the company was to rule India until 1858, in which it became aggre
ecame one of the most important colonies
...

my consisted of Sepoys and white officers
...

• Fellahain (Egyptian peasants) were annoyed at their taxes going to wealthy Eur
angry that the Europeans were dominating all the top positions and preventing
so they all joined the uprising
...
However, the mood ch
were sent to bombard Alexandria, (gunboat diplomacy) and Egypt was invaded
• Sir Evelyn Baring was made consul general and British agent in Egypt (man on
• 1885 convention of London secured an international loan for the Egyptian gove
• Therefore, it was a client state, (veiled protectorate) as Baring ruled from behind
Sudan:
• Charles Gordon was sent from Britain to act as a governor-general of Egyptian
between 1877-1880
...

• The Mahdists sought to liberate Sudan from outside rule and by 1882 they had
• In 1883, WIlliam Hicks launched a counter-attack against the mahdists where h
• General Gordon was ordered to oversee the evacuation of both British and Egy
• Nevertheless, Gladstone was reluctant to retaliate as he was anxious to avoid f

AFRICA:
• BY the later 19th century, Britain was becoming increasingly concerned about it’
• Germany began making annexations from 1884 in South-West Africa
• France transformed it’s armed forces thereafter and rapidly recovered from defe
• Russia also expanded it’s empire to the borders of Afghanistan and the trans-Sib
• Naval building programmes from France and Russia also caused some concern
• Britain responded to this by annexing new territories in Malaya (1874), and estab
• Britain also annexed Sarawak (1881), North Borneo(1881), Brunei (1885), and U
The scramble for Africa:
• Brussels conference of 1876, and the Berlin conference of 1884-1885 were seen
Brussels conference 1876:
• Motivated by a desire to maintain Belgian interests in the Congo and it conclude
association
• This actually heightened competitions as European governments became suspic

vernment could respond more quickly in the event of another mutiny

h for £4 million
ewfiq came to power
efore wielded considerable influence and taxes were imposed on
reduced by ⅔ which lead to increasing unemployment
he Egyptian government of the loans to the European governments

hares in the Suez canal
...

ch influence in the region was eroding Egyptian sovereignty
...
They resented foreign influence on the

ropeans, the Egyptian people in the civil service and military were
their advancement and the army were angry about their lack of pay,

hanged when 50 Europeans were killed in riots in 1882
...

n the spot) and Tewfiq was restored as a puppet ruler
ernment- establishes Britain’s influence over Egypt
d a screen of Egyptian ministers, aided by British ministers

•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

In
Th
Th
Th
Th
D
M
Th

The imp
•
•
•
•
•
•

administered Sudan on behalf of their puppet Khedeve Ismail
Muhammad Ahmad who proclaimed himself the ‘Mahdi’ (the saviour

th
Th
Al
AL
W
So

Be

y towards British influence, the Mahdi transformed an emerging

taken control of the whole area surrounding Khartoum
...

further loss of life and money for no obvious gain

’s position in relation to other European powers , and began to face a challenge from other e

eat by Germany in 1871, also established a foothold in Indo-CHina in 1860
...

Upper Burma (1885), leaving Thailand as a buffer zone between the European powers
...
Buildi

cious of Leopold’s true intentions and in 1884 a scramble for territory had already begun
...

• 1858- Railways helped stimulate trade and development
• Subsistence farming prevailed- tea plantations increased from 1 in 1851 to 295 by
1871
• Domestic cotton production increased in the 1880s and 90s

expanding and industrialising powers eg
...

• Furthermore, in the following years there was no concentrated effort to suppress
Informal empire:
• Commercial agreements extended British influence into Latin America, particular
• Public capital in Latin America stood at over £80 million by 1865 and Latin Amer
• Sometimes force was used- in 1861, pressure was put on

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