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INTRODUCTION
...
3
SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATION OF THE WORK
...
1
...
3
I
...
The action of physical exercises on the human body
...
3
...
15
I
...
Notions of energogenesis of physical effort
...
5
...
34
CHAPTER II
...
42
II
...
Research objectives, hypotheses and tasks
...
2
...
46
II
...
Presentation of study groups
...
4
...
58
CHAPTER III
...
60
CHAPTER IV
...
69
BIBLIOGRAPHY
...
Practicing physical exercises in free time, the individual
attempts a confrontation of his own psycho-physical forces, and reporting
mass physical culture to free time makes it possible to reveal the existing
limits between it and performance sports activity
...
Some see it as an
attitude or a trait of the mind
...
Recently, writers have defined loisir as a state of
being free, as an attitude of mind and a condition of the soul, which helps
man in experiencing the reality of the world
...
Following the studies carried out, it was established that physical
activity carried out in free time on a regular basis has beneficial effects on
the body, ensuring the prevention and control of the disease in most
chronic and disabling conditions, considerably reducing the risk of morbidity
and mortality due to diseases of the cardiovascular system or different
forms of cancer
...
Recreational activities are not
isolated from rest: they interfere, the first constituting the basis of the
second, and the latter in turn, reproducing the first as active rest
...

1

Currently, there is a dynamic re-operationalization of the concept of
free time, a reorientation of free time, with the shift of emphasis towards the
development of the human personality, as an end in itself
...

The characteristics of these sports activities are explained by the
fact that they are structured elements of free time, they are creative, plastic,
free expressions of the human personality
...
1
...
From a
medical, hygienic and pedagogical point of view, the following periods of
development are defined:


Early childhood - includes the age from 0 to 3 years
...



Second childhood (preschool age) - is between 3 and 6 years old,

when the permanent dentition appears
...
The

period includes two important stages, puberty and adolescence, which
make the transition from childhood to adult life
...




Maturity - includes the period 40-65 years
...

3

The adult
...
During this period, neuropsychic strength and capacity are at
their maximum
...
Creative power is
at its peak in performance sports activity
...

However, from early on, physical capacity is reduced due to "wear
and tear" changes, especially of the locomotor apparatus (joints, bones),
which are added to the involutive processes with early onset
...

Even from the adult period, performances and sports activities are
reduced by engaging the body entirely in the involutional processes
...
The
process

of

neuronal

destruction

can

be

intensified

by

hypoxia,

hypoglycemia, vascular diseases that decrease cerebral blood flow
...
,
begin to intervene directly during this period
...
5 cm

3

/m

2

of body surface

per year
...
3%/year
...
Mean cerebral
circulatory flow measured with nitrous oxide is approximately 750
4

ml/minute, i
...
14-15% of cardiac output
...
During this period, with all
the efforts made, over time, the performance starts to decrease
...
Obviously, all this reduces sports performance
...

Thus, the mechanical properties of the bone, especially the strength and
stiffness, decrease in relation to age even from 30 years
...
Also, the bone traction forces decrease or are reduced by
absorbing part of the energy, the traction forces turning into compression
forces, easier to bear
...

Repeated strain on an unwarmed or tired muscle can fracture the
bone at forces lower than those that would normally cause a fracture
...

The tired muscle has a weak, less effective contraction, and with a
low energy absorption capacity, protecting the bone with difficulty, so the
fracture will occur in areas with disorders of muscle force distribution
...
Loss of bone
5

mass starting from the age of 35-40 years in both sexes, initially in the
cancellous bone at the age of 35, then in the cortical area at the age of 40,
causing the onset of osteoporosis which will significantly influence the
occurrence of bone fractures
...
This will determine, in relation to gender, a
frequency of fractures in certain areas
...
Bone resistance now decreases due to the change in bone
architecture, namely the thinning and partial disappearance of cancellous
bone trabeculae
...

Maturity
...
Performance physical activity only exists at the beginning of the
period, for exceptional cases
...
Involution attacks thought processes, senses and
emotions
...
To the reduction of the qualitative composition of the human body,
there is also the loss of some skills by not training the neurons in an
appropriate activity
...
Hearing and olfactory acuity are reduced
...
The loss
of neurons, dominant in the cerebral hemispheres, especially the frontal
and occipital lobes or at the level of the cerebellum, explains the decrease
in vision, changes in writing, expression, balance disorders, muscle tone, or
coordination of movements
...
In this situation, it is obviously
impossible to practice physical sports of performance, strength and
resistance or with a degree of hardness, as these can generate very
serious accidents
...

Senescence
...
It is the
period of general complex changes of the organism in which the
involutional processes are more and more important
...
This causes an overload of the remaining neurons, as well as
neural compensation processes
...
Circulatory changes cause cerebral hypoxia, with possible states
of mental confusion, loss of consciousness, delirium, lipothymic states, etc
...
The structural
and compositional changes of the bones decrease their resistance, the
bones becoming brittle and thus increasing the incidence of fractures
resulting from relatively simple activities
...
There is a
reduced sensitivity to sounds and high frequencies, deciphering speech
being difficult, especially in conditions of added noise
...

The old man also has a hard time adjusting to extremes of heat and
cold
...
Many of the elderly can no longer have
sexual relations, and the morphological changes of the organs create poor
functionality in chronic diseases
...

Pulmonary changes, such as decreased elasticity and lung capacity,
increased airway stiffness, and others are negatively influenced by air
pollution or airborne infections
...
Thus, at 80 years old we need three times more light than
we needed at 20 years old
...
Vision is less
clear even after adaptation, and color distinction is reduced (presbyopia)
...
However, he can perform simple movements with low intensity
effort, with a comforting effect on the body's components, influencing the
involutive processes, especially the cerebral ones which are reduced, and
the general tone better
...


9

I
...
THE ACTION OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES ON THE
HUMAN BODY

During physical effort, the body fully bears its consequences
...

Physical exercises carried out gradually adapt the body to the effort,
making specific morpho-physiological changes
...
A trained
organism more easily resists environmental factors such as cold, heat,
humidity, blizzard, rain, changes in pressure or gravity
...
Physical exercises restore the tired body through intellectual
effort, through better oxygenation of the brain
...
They increase immunity and therefore resistance to
diseases
...

Skeletal system
...

Physical exercises correct the bone deformations that occurred
during the growth period, allowing a harmonious development of the body
and

preventing

the

appearance

(osteoporosis)
...
Their form and functional qualities regarding their
mobility and stability are modified
...
Also, the structure and orientation of the
periarticular fibrous system is influenced in relation to the mechanical
factors that act directly and indirectly on the joints
...

The muscles
...
Through activity, they get the best vascularization and
improve their morpho-functional qualities, leading to an increase in their
volume and strength
...
Also, biochemical
changes occur that ensure an intense and complex action of ATP,
myoglobin, and myofibrillar nitrate
...
Physical exercises tone the
hypotonic groups and relax the hypertonic (contracted) ones, achieving a
balance of muscle tone
...

By increasing muscle tone and muscle hypertrophy, their tendons
develop and strengthen
...
In
relation to these, the strength, speed, resistance, suppleness and skill of
the subject increase
...
Blood volume: physiologically, the
healthy adult aged 20-40 years has a blood volume of 77 ml of blood per 1
11

kg of weight, while trained subjects have values of over 100 ml/kg of
weight
...
In trained people,
this plasma escape is less significant
...

In physical effort, cardiac output varies proportionally with the intensity of
labor and the amount of oxygen consumed, reaching 22 l/minute during
intense effort, and 30-35 l/minute during excessive effort
...
In an
excessive effort, oxygen consumption reaches 5000 ml/minute, while at
rest it is 250 ml/minute
...
The oxygen utilization
coefficient increases during exertion due to acidosis through catabolites
resulting from muscle activity and due to the increase in temperature in the
active muscle, in the presence of which oxyhemoglobin dissociates more
quickly, providing the tissues with a greater amount of oxygen
...
Repeated physical effort causes myocardial
hypertrophy by increasing the diameter of muscle fibers
...

Respiratory system
...
The ventilation efficiency tests are much better;
respiratory efficiency is maximum
...
Ventilation also increases through the
12

mechanism of irradiation of motor impulses from the precentral area on the
cortical projections of the respiratory and circulatory centers
...
Basal metabolism represents the minimum energy
consumption of a person at a constant temperature of 18-22 0 C in physical
and mental rest, awake, 12 hours after food intake
...
An individual of
average

height

and

weight

spends

on

average

approximately

2400 Kcal/24h in sedentary activity
...

Thus, for a light activity, 50-90 Kcal/h are needed, so in 8 hours of
activity 400-720 Kcal; for an average physical activity, 90-150 Kcal/h are
needed, so 720-1200 Kcal; for heavy physical activity more than 150 Kcal/h
are needed
...

Some sports (climbing, weightlifting, cycling, boxing, wrestling) are
high energy consumers
...
As
early as 1950, Keys and Carnegie found that insufficient caloric nutrition
also causes changes in muscle activity
...
Visual and auditory disturbances, depression with
irritability and loss of libido appear
...
3
...
) , loisir
(fr
...
Ancient Greek philosophers, for
example, saw L as a work of the mind, which led them to use all their
accumulated knowledge (languages, mathematics, science, music and art)
to broaden their individual horizons and especially to to become each a
better citizen
...

This understanding of the concept (work of the mind) is in contrast
to the 21st century view, which regards L as time used for recreation and
fun (Braden, 1988; Butsch, 1990; Giamatti, 1991)
...

The ancient Romans had a distinctive caste system, with slaves for
physical labor, but for the Romans L primarily meant rest through work
...
Their work ethic
required them to work from dawn to dusk 6 days a week, Sunday being the
day of rest in which they were devoted to spiritual contemplation and
handicraft activities
...
The upper classes in Greece and Rome
looked down on menial work, farmers and artisans being very low on the
social scale, even if they were not slaves
...
Not only were
they involved in leading the work, but it was seen as a kind of imitation of
15

God's divine act of creation
...
L did not exist as a concept for
Jews and Christians
...
But in the middle of the 20th century, the
Greco-Roman point of view returned to actuality
...
Holding a fundamental role in man's continuous
effort to maintain his physical and mental balance, respectively health,
leisure does not mean physical and intellectual inactivity, but activity, but
an activity of a different kind, consisting of the organization and
constructive valorization of the free time at our disposal, time freed from
any usual activity
...
This remaining time is used according to the option of each
...

Any activity performed at an intensity of 3-6 metabolic equivalents
(METs) calculated as the ratio between the metabolic rate of an activity and
the resting metabolic rate is considered physical activity carried out during
free time; it is equal to approximately 3
...
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) in
collaboration with the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
16

defined leisure-time physical activity as that activity that uses 627
...
There is a wide range of
such activities which may include gardening, brisk walking, aerobic
dancing, exercise, activities of daily living as well as home repairs or other
unstructured activities
...
Some see it as an attitude or a
trait of the mind
...

Recently, writers have defined L as the state of being free, as an attitude of
mind and a condition of the soul that helps man in experiencing the reality
of the world
...
Throughout history L has always belonged to the class of kings,
lords and aristocrats in general, who did not work, but lived off slaves,
servants and subjects
...
In the US, for example, the work week
has gradually decreased from 6 days of 12 hours each to about 34
hours/week (including holidays, days off and sick leave days)
...
However, L's time
must be used wisely
...
Brightbill, 1973)
...

Time spent in creative activities such as music, art, hobbies, education and
community service are more beneficial than others such as watching
television, listening to the radio, participating as a passive spectator in
some sporting events or other such activities
...

Most of the population believes that having free time to relax, enjoy
the company of family and friends, to follow your preferences beyond the
profession, family and household duties (hobbies, entertainment, sports ),
contributes to maintaining personal well-being
...

The phenomenon of practicing physical exercises, however, does
not overlap with physical education or, even more so, is not subordinated to
it
...
Although torn from the
necessity of working time, the free time available to the masses is
structured according to the needs of the work process
...
Moving
the border in favor of free time and at the expense of (but on the basis of)
working time created the possibility of using it for recreational purposes
...

Depending on the content of the activities carried out, there is a
reorientation of free time towards the human personality, as an end in itself
...
The characteristics of these sports activities are
explained by the fact that they are structured elements of free time, they
are manifestations of the human being in the field of freedom
...

Practicing physical exercises in free time, the individual attempts a
confrontation of his own psycho-physical forces, and reporting mass
physical culture to free time makes it possible to reveal the existing limits
between it and performance sports activity (Georgescu, 1997)
...
Recreational activities
are not isolated from rest
...

By acquiring a higher content, recreation can become an act of culture¸
development of the human personality
...

Mass physical culture and physical leisure activities know an
endless variety of forms and means of achievement
...

Mass physical culture and leisure meet the requirement of
developing physical qualities or gaining new motor skills, tasks that are
specific to physical education
...
By the nature of its origin and essence, physical culture
satisfies a much deeper, much more general need that acts permanently
and for the majority of humanity: it contributes to the formation of the

19

specific taste for movement, for physical exercise, regardless of the
concrete ways it takes
...
Social
integration is a process through which individuals are formed and prepared
in order to adapt and re-adapt to the life of the society they belong to
...

Biological, psychological and social parameters are included in the
integration process
...
Multilateral education is based on a series of tasks whose purpose
can be achieved through physical activities
...
The main purpose for which
these activities are practiced is to optimize the development process of the
human body in all aspects
...
Through these
activities, people must acquire knowledge, skills and abilities that allow
them to act independently in the direction of maintaining health and work
capacity
...

The integrative value will be even more obvious if we think that
physical exercise can bring together even strangers, both as teammates
(especially in mass sports) and as opponents (as in the case of
performance sports)
...

Social integration through physical activities aims at maintaining
health, increasing work capacity, educating moral-citizen qualities, useful
and pleasant spending of free time and is achieved through:
harmonious physical development and strengthening of the body;
making people aware of the role, importance, necessity and
usefulness of physical activities;
cultivating a taste for movement;
training the ability to practice physical activities independently,
rationally, correctly, systematically, permanently;
the applicative character of physical activities, i
...
the formation of
the capacity to transfer some knowledge, skills and motor skills, in order to
adapt and re-adapt the individual;
the compensatory effect, consisting of the restoration of work
capacity and the useful spending of free time;
formation of the capacity for organization and self-management;
the formation of the taste for beauty, the ability to perceive,
understand and realize it;
the development of collective consciousness and interpersonal
relationships
...
Practicing physical exercises by
the individual also expresses a specific form through which he has the
direct and empirical opportunity to self-verify his biophysical powers, to
proceed, to test his own strength, somewhat experimentally
...
It can be said that the main rule of practicing physical exercises is
"distinguish yourself"
...

The content of physical activities is mainly oriented towards
preventing the installation of incorrect attitudes, correcting those already
installed, as well as counteracting any negative influences exerted by the
specifics of the profession and the monotony of the physical movements
that characterize the professional activity
...

Physical activities therefore have a stimulating and compensatory
influence
...
The compensatory
influence has in mind the prevention and correction of some motor
deficiencies, development or attitude, determined by the nature of the
activity carried out, the annihilation of some negative effects (caused by the
specifics of certain activities or which represent the general characteristic of
contemporary life, consisting of sedentarism and overwork)
...


23

I
...
NOTIONS OF ENERGY GENESIS OF PHYSICAL
EXERCISE

Both the environmental conditions and the body's adaptive reactions
to various demands impose an energy requirement that varies widely, from
individual to individual and even to the same subject, depending on the
genetic characteristics and the current physiological state
...
The calorie represents the amount of energy
required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree
Celsius
...

Relative to the body surface, they will vary between 36-55 kcal/m

2

and hour
...

The minimum oxygen consumption of the body at rest to ensure
metabolic needs (basal metabolism) is also expressed by the metabolic
equivalent, being equal to 3
...
In caloric units, the average

number of calories consumed per hour to maintain basic metabolic needs
is 1 Kcal/kg/hour, i
...
approximately 200 ml of O

2

consumed
...

The energy balance of subjects practicing different physical
activities and sports disciplines has been the subject of in-depth studies in
recent years, studies that have allowed the energy expenditure required for
their performance to be established in a sufficiently precise manner (table
no
...
6km/hour)
Card games
Chess
Sewing, knitting

- Radio, TV repairs
- Guard
- Typist
- Light carpentry
- Machine assemblies

Walking (3 ½ km/hour)
Cycling (8km/hour)
POOL
Bowling
Golf
Rowing
Played instruments
Walking (5 km/hour)
Cycling (10 km/h)
Volley-ball
Golf
Badminton
Guided archery
sailboat
Fishing
Walking (5 ½ km/hour)
Cycling (13 km/h)
Table tennis
Golf
dance (foxtrot)
Badminton (single)
Tennis (doubles)
Gardener's
Any gymnastics
generous

- Machine assemblies
- Truck driver
- Wheelbarrow
- Welding
- Masonry, plastering
(easy)

- Light carpentry
- Masonry
- Painting
- Wallpaper application
- Weeding, digging (light)

- Digging
- Shovel work (light)
- Carpentry and carpentry

25

Walking (6 ½ km/hour)
Cycling (16 km/h)
Canoeing (6 ½ km/hour)
Skating (15 km/h)

6-7 EM
21-25 ml O 2 /min/kg
7-8 Kcal/min
(person 70 kg)

7-8 EM
25-28 ml O 2 /min/kg
8-10 Kcal/min
(person 70 kg)

8-9 EM
28-32 ml O 2 /min/kg
10-11 Kcal/min
(person 70 kg)

Over 10 EM
Over 32
ml O 2 /min/kg
Over 11 Kcal/min
(person 70 kg)

- Shovel work
(10 throws/min, 22 kg)
- I chop wood

Walking (8 km/hour)
Cycling (17 ½ km/hour)
Badminton (competitive)
tennis (single)
Mow the grass by hand
Dance
Easy downhill skiing
Cross-country skiing (4 km/h)

- Digging ditches
- Cutting wood with
saw
- Cart (175 kg)

Running (8 km/hour)
Cycling (19 km/h)
Ski on any slope
Basket-ball
Climbed the mountain
hockey
Rowing (8 km/h)
Running (9 km/h)
Cycling (21 km/h)
Cross-country skiing (6 ½ km/h)
basketball (intense)
Handball
Fencing

- Shovel work
(10 throws/min, 31 kg)

- Shovel work
(10 throws/min, 31 kg)

Cross-country skiing
(over 8 km/h)
Handball (competitive)
Running

Table no
...
It is
noted that various sports disciplines, such as gymnastics, table tennis,
football and running, claim a high caloric expenditure per minute and per kg
of body
...
2 and 3
...
17
Intellectual activity
1
...
33
Office activity
2
...
92
Swedish gymnastics
4
...
50
Table tennis
5
...
75
I swim at 1
...
00
Working with the saw
7
...
83
The football game
16
...
1 km/h
39
...
2 – Average energy consumption for various activities
(after Morehouse and Miller, 1959)
Sports activity
Rowing
Cycling
Pentathlon
Box
Jumping
Riding

The character

Required (kcal/day)

Continuously and
very engaging

6000

engaging

5600

Football
Gymnastics
Ice Hockey

With swiftness in effort

5000

Fencing
Hunting
Table tennis

With reactivity

4600

Table no
...
Generally speaking, in order to
generate positive effects in terms of health, a physical activity must be
performed frequently, it must last long enough (but not less than 20-30
minutes) and engage as many body muscles as possible
...
And to guide you in this regard, so to be able to appreciate
whether or not the physical activity program meets the efficiency criteria,
two methods are used: the calculation of the physical activity index (IAF)
and the estimation of the intensity and duration of the effort based on the
consumption of calories
...

Duration of effort
...
It was found that the risk of cardiovascular diseases decreases
significantly only in subjects who consume over 2000 kilocalories per week
over a long period of time through effort
...
A physical activity program cannot be
beneficial unless the effort is performed at least 3 times a week
...

Also, the main obstacle in carrying out such a program is the lack of
28

physical preparation, because in order to be able to withstand many hours
of effort of a certain intensity, a certain level of training is necessary,
otherwise the state of muscle fatigue appears
...
This is even more obvious if you avoid merging the days of effort
in only half of the week
...

The intensity of the effort
...
5
kilocalories per minute significantly reduce the risk of developing
atherosclerosis and the whole procession of diseases attributed to it
...

In order to actually find out the intensity of the effort that an
individual makes (to refer to the minimum scale of 7
...

The energy consumption corresponding to different types of
physical activity can be found by referring to various nomograms that have
been made through extensive statistical studies
...
050-0
...
050-0
...
033-0
...
066-0
...
042
0
...
216

Canoeing,
kayaking,
canoe
Cycling
Society dance
Aerobic dance
Hunting
Climbed the
mountain
Boating
Alpine skiing
Cross-country
skiing
Water skiing
Volley-ball

0
...
133

Cricket

0
...
177

0
...
133
0
...
117
0
...
167
0
...
117

Fishing
Golf
Handball
Riding
Jump rope

0
...
100
0
...
117
0
...
200
0
...
133

0
...
167

Ice skating
or on wheels)
Squash
Football

0
...
083
0
...
133
0
...
200
0
...
117
0
...
100

Table tennis
Tennis

0
...
200
0
...
133
0
...
200
0
...
200
0
...
083
0
...
150

Table no
...

That's why, for the most accessible types of effort, tables were
designed based on which calorie consumption can be estimated taking into
account the weight, movement speed and even the individual's
performance level
...
2 – 8 Km/h), as well as the energy cost of jogging and
running (for the speed between 4
...
5 and 6:

The weight
(kg)

Walking speed, in km/h
3
...
8

5,6

30

6
...
2

8

50
54
...
5
68
72
...
2
81
...
3
90
...
4
100

2
...
5
2
...
8
3
...
2
3,4
3
...
8
4
...
2

2
...
6
2
...
1
3
...
5
3
...
0
4
...
4
4
...
8

2
...
0
3
...
5
3
...
0
4
...
5
4
...
0
5
...
5

3
...
6
3
...
2
4
...
8
5
...
3
5,6
5
...
2

4
...
4
4
...
2
5,6
5
...
3
6,7
7
...
4
7,8
8
...
2
5,6
6
...
6
7
...
5
8
...
4
8,9
9
...
9
10
...
6
7
...
4
9
...
6
10
...
8
11
...
0
12
...
2

Table no
...
8

6
...
5
59
63
...
7
77
...
8
86
...
9
95
...
7
5
...
5
5
...
4
6
...
2
7
...
1
8
...
3

5
...
4
7
...
5
8
...
6
9
...
7
10
...
8
11
...
8

Travel speed, in km/h
8
9
...
2
7
...
9
8
...
2
9
...
5
11
...
8
12
...
2
13
...
5

8
...
3
10
...
8
11
...
4
13
...
9
14
...
4
16
...
0

9
...
6
11
...
4
13
...
2
15
...
9
16
...
7
18
...
5

12
...
4

16

11
...
1
13
...
1
15
...
1
17
...
1
19
...
1
21
...
2

12
...
4
14
...
7
16
...
9
19
...
2
21
...
4
23
...
7

13
...
8
16
...
3
18
...
8
21
...
2
23
...
7
25
...
2

Table no
...
The transition from a
sedentary condition to that of an active and very active person requires
compliance with some principles and criteria that must guide the design
and execution of physical activity programs
...


31

The first phase has the role of facilitating the gradual inclusion of
physical activity and recommends walking as an effort
...

When you manage to cover 6-8 km at a brisk pace several times, it
means that you can move on to the second phase
...

The principle of this type of training consists in alternating periods of effort
with periods of recovery from effort
...

Jogging is introduced gradually, because it represents a request of
a different type and intensity than walking
...

The third phase is instituted only when you manage to cover the 5
km distance in continuous jogging, so without any break for walking
...
Different collective forms of movement can be
preferred, which introduce the exciting competitive element, which makes
them more attractive and agreeable
...

However, regardless of which of the three forms is chosen, it is necessary
to take into account the following recommendations: the subject should use
appropriate footwear that allows the prevention of specific sufferings of the
lower limbs and even of the lumbar spine; a good choice of the route on
32

which the movement is to be carried out is necessary, depending on
individual particularities; it is always necessary to warm up the body as
thoroughly as possible before the effort, in any conditions
...

Pedaling eliminates the risk of microtraumatic overuse injuries of the lower
limbs and the lumbar spine and is ideal for overweight or obese people with
osteoporosis, and can be performed at any time of the day
...

A good fitness program must also include activities that aim to make
participants rediscover the pleasures and satisfactions of games
...

Sports activities carried out in water can represent a major part of
the movement program or can constitute alternative methods of effort in
case of injuries
...
The total energy expenditure is higher due to the fact that more
calories are consumed in water for thermoregulation, so for maintaining a
constant body temperature
...
5
...
Following the studies
carried out, it was established that physical activity carried out in free time
on a regular basis has beneficial effects on the body, ensuring prevention
and control including diabetes, obesity and hypertension, considerably
reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality arising as a result of certain
conditions of the cardiovascular system or different forms of cancer
...

That is why a series of actions were undertaken with the aim of promoting
physical activity, focusing on activities of moderate intensity with improving
the level of fitness
...
The results of the
research indicated that approximately half of the adults who do not perform
any physical activity in their free time, have a professional occupation that
requires at least one hour of intense physical effort
...

Although the results were encouraging for more than one-third of
participating American adults who engaged in moderate activity (at least 30
min/day), more than 60% were unable to perform activities at the
recommended levels
...

Lack of physical activity increases the risk of osteoporosis in
women, decreases resistance and muscle strength, causing over time a
low effort capacity, as well as various chronic diseases related to the loss
of independence in old age
...

Another study looked at the determinants of leisure-time physical
activity for older women and ethnic minorities, in rural versus urban
settings
...

The US Center for Disease Control and Prevention indicated in a
recent report that physical inactivity was higher in rural areas (37%) and
lower in urban areas (27%), with some regional differences
...
Women, the elderly and ethnic
minorities are particularly affected from this point of view
...

The results of the experiment indicate the conservation of the
ecological and social-cognitive variables (social support, environmental
factors, various obstacles) encountered in the study of leisure activities for
35

the general population and for the pattern of rural-urban, ethnic and racial
variations
...
Also, the
significant relationship found between pleasant landscape and physical
activity in free time suggests that green space can be an environmental
factor with an important attractiveness
...
If all household activities were taken into account in assessing the
level of physical fitness of the population, then women in the age group
would have a high coefficient
...

The same health benefits are obtained by carrying out intensive
household activities, gardening, " do it yourself " activities, as in the case of
moderate activities in which we include physical exercises, brisk and
energetic walking, jogging
...

In conclusion, over two-thirds of the people studied can reach the
recommended levels of physical activity, and among older women, social
factors and health directly influence these levels
...
To solve these questions, the total level of physical activity
expressed in metabolic equivalents-hour/day was measured during 12
months
...
4 MET-hour/day (121 kcal/day) and in women by 0
...
This conclusion has
important implications for clinical research examining the effects of physical
activity on health, as well as for promoting health through increased levels
of physical activity
...
A maximum of two
simultaneous activities were recorded, one main and one secondary, every
5 minutes of free time
...


Time
Necessary for daily
maintenance
Assigned to the
profession
For interplay
sociable
Free
Barbie
Ladies
Total

Use of time on weekdays/weekends
Hours: minutes
Hours: minutes
Working days
Weekend

Hours: minutes
Total

10:50 a
...
m

11:05

4:36 a
...
m

3:41 a
...
m
4:48
4:39
24:00

6:37 a
...
m
24:00

5:16 a
...
m
24:00

Table no
...

The labor force status of a person is a determining factor of the free
time he can dispose of, along with family responsibilities (especially the
time devoted to the care and education of children)
...
m

3:55

3:43

7:32 a
...
m

4:16 a
...
m

8:06 a
...
m

8:02 a
...
m

6:01 am

5:37

9:45

9:59

6:22 a
...
m
6:06 a
...
m
4:44 a
...
m

10:12 a
...
m
9:59

10:06 a
...
m
10:13

7:22 a
...
m

10:43 a
...
m

8:13

5:52 a
...
m

8:48 a
...
m

10:46 a
...
m

9:53
9:11 a
...
8 – Leisure and leisure activities
(Australian Social Trends, 1999)
The amount of free time available to a person has a significant
influence on how time is allocated for recreation, leisure or other leisure
activities
...
Therefore, for most of the population, the total
duration of leisure activities is greater than the total amount of leisure time
...


Leisure
activities

Main activities
Average
time/day
Hours: minutes

The look at
television/video
Socialization/
communication
Listening to the
radio/CD
The read
The sport
Hobbies/games
Rest/relaxation
Entertainment/
sporting events
Other
Total

All activities
Average
Rate of
time/day
participation
Hours:
%
minutes

2:01

2:45

87
...
7

0:08

1:20

56
...
0
27
...
6
21
...
8

0:53
5:16 a
...
m

68
...
4

Table no
...
One of the first steps in learning how to use time for L is
to understand that each person's choice is strictly individual
...

They need a variety of L opportunities to help them find the things that
interest them most
...

Creativity, patience and ingenuity are requirements imposed on parents,
39

teachers, pedagogues to find and present opportunities and resources that
stimulate the spirit of competition and provide benefits to children
...

For young people - Young people have more free time than their
parents, L activities being in most cases provided for them by organizations
outside the family
...
Young people especially enjoy activities
that offer immediate satisfaction, that have diversity and contrast
...
They need to develop close relationships outside the family and
often feel the need to change existing family relationships
...

In adults - Adults find L a time for changing interests, often even
through challenging physical activities
...
They
indulge in hobbies and interests crystallized in their youth and tend not to
develop other skills
...

Often they are so busy with their jobs and worries that they have little time
left for L
...
Those who
make the effort to participate in more active and creative L activities can
easily find pleasure and satisfaction
...
Such groups are found more often in closed
institutions such as: hospitals, homes for the elderly, for the disabled,
prisons
...
All of them have more time for L than they really want or could
use
...
Most often, retirees enjoy activities that
involve other people
...
If in the past retirees had
passive or active, varied and creative interests, hobbies and activities, they
will be able to continue them after retirement under certain circumstances
...

Changing the work report - leisure The industrial revolution made
possible longer periods of free time for many segments of society
...
Today in the US it is 1800 hours per year, in
Europe it is 1600 hours; also in Japan, the average is slowly declining
...
This explains the intellectualization of
bodily activities, based on the understanding of their utility and the scientific
foundations of effective practice
...
The free time
can be used by following a second vocation, the main job being
supplemented by a secondary qualification
...

In industrialized societies, individual preferences begin to shift from
the demand for more income to the demand for more leisure time
...
This is not the case in the US, where leave varies considerably and
where time for L is one of the lowest in industrialized countries
...


CHAPTER II

RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND METHODOLOGY
II
...
THE OBJECTIVES, HYPOTHESES AND TASKS OF THE
RESEARCH

The present study aims to determine the factors that influence
physical leisure activities
...
The results of the study
must be materialized in the elaboration of some practical norms of
intervention in the development of gambling activities, by reporting the
individual to the social group of which he is a part
...
Sometimes leisure activities must be organized in
such a way as to include strategies that allow countering the negative effect
of the mentioned factors (low salary level, lack of free time, etc
...
The following theoretical data were
considered to be relevant for the chosen topic: the development stages of
the body by age group, detailing the main characteristics of adulthood; the
action of physical exercises on the human body ; leisure activities – modern
means of physical culture ; notions of energogenesis of physical effort ; the
relationship between physical leisure activities and socio-demographic
variables
...
We will also try to present some possible
strategies for directing the active individuals of society towards recreation
and leisure
...
The bibliographic study regarding the characteristics of
adulthood, by referring to the general process of ontogenesis, the
influence of physical activities and in particular leisure activities on the
43

body, the energization of physical effort specific to leisure, the
conditioning of leisure activities by socio-demographic factors
...
Studying the references related to the research methodology in
physical activities: the ways of evaluating the degree of involvement of
the individual in leisure were analyzed, based on the evaluation of the
energy consumption specific to different physical activities
...
Construction of the experimental plan: composition of the
experimental group, choice of subjects; establishing the dependent
variable to be evaluated (the existence of a certain level of physical
employment in leisure activities) depending on the classification
variables (age, sex, family structure, education level, profession, monthly
income per family member, place of residence etc
...
Conducting the experiment and tracking changes in the
dependent variable in the selected sample
...
Comparison of the results according to the methodology
specific

to

the proposed

experimental

design (establishing

the

relationships between the frequency of various leisure physical activities
of adults and the classification variables)
...
Formulation of conclusions and proposals
...
Physical leisure activities are influenced by personal and
environmental characteristics (age, sex, urban/rural residence, education
level, income)
...
The time allocated to physical leisure activities and their pattern
are influenced by the individual's profession: field of activity, number of
hours of physical/intellectual work per week
...
The time allocated to physical leisure activities and their pattern
are influenced by the family structure: marital status, number of children,
children's age
...
2
...
The method of the experiment
...
The experiment consists in " observing and measuring the
effects of manipulating an independent variable on a dependent variable
in a situation where the action of other factors is minimized " (Festinger
apud Zlate, 2000)
...

As Fraisse showed, the experimental method is in reality only a
way of knowing
...

Experimental variables – a distinction is made between internal
and external variables
...
We must distinguish between the independent variables
actually manipulated by the experimenter and the independent variables
" labels " or classifiers, which are natural characteristics that allow us to
describe the subjects (eg age, sex, weight, height, etc
...

The conditions that the dependent variable must meet in order to
have a good experiment are the following: it must be sensitive to the
manipulations of the independent variable; be easy to measure and
clearly defined; effects determined not to be fluctuating or episodic
...
A basic experimental plan was used , which
sought to determine the level of physical leisure activity of adults in
Argeş county, in relation to the independent classifying variables
...
Questionnaire method
...
The questionnaire should not be seen as a simple list of
questions
...
Establishing the content of the questions - they can be for
identification (age, sex, education, etc
...

2
...

3
...

4
...

5
...

The researcher must be aware of the possible lack of sincerity or
seriousness of the subject, as well as the possibility of activating the facade
tendency
...

Closed questionnaires - compared to open ones - offer the
possibility of a better quantification of the answers, but are exposed to a
significant risk of suggesting the answers
...

In this work, questionnaires were used to determine the physical
activity index (PII) and to measure: the average energy consumption for
leisure physical activities
...
1
...
There are two main reasons why it is
necessary to answer the implicit questions of the questionnaire as
rigorously as possible:
if the IAF is evaluated correctly, quite accurate relations are
obtained about the aerobic capacity of effort and there is no longer,
practically, such a great need to carry out different tests to measure this
capacity;
48

starting from the IAF score, one knows exactly the measures that
must be taken starting from that moment
...
On the other hand, if at least 60 points are not obtained, it
means that the person's lifestyle is not active or very active and the
exercise program they currently carry out does not bring them significant
health benefits, so there is no effective protection against damage to the
cardiovascular system
...
1, 2, 3, 4,
5 and 6) were used, as well as the physical activity evaluation
questionnaire presented in annex no
...

3
...

The conversation is a premeditated discussion engaged in
between the researcher and the subject
...


Several

types

of

conversations

are

distinguished: standardized, directed (the same questions are formulated
in the same order to all subjects); semi-standardized, semi-directed
(additional questions are asked, reformulated, etc
...

A semi-standardized interview was used, which covered a series
of objective and subjective data and behavioral skills: age, previous
motor

experience,

previous

physical

effort

(intensity,

duration,

specificity), personal pathological antecedents, current health problems,
etc
...
The statistical-mathematical data processing method
...


Nonparametric

scaling

includes

nominal

(rank)

measurement and ordinal (rank) measurement
...
The division of the
lot according to sex, men or women, according to residence, urban or
rural (dichotomy), according to age group (multiple classification) are
examples of such nominal measures
...

The following statistical operations are allowed on these nonparametric data:


Statistical quantities that can be determined: frequency (absolute -

number of cases and relative - percentage), modal value
...

The raw data were condensed into cross-frequency tables,
displayed graphically as histograms and processed using:
- absolute, relative and cumulative frequencies;
- arithmetic mean;
- chi square test, Pearson variant
...
We also
calculated the dispersion, standard deviation and coefficient of variation
of the data series obtained
...

The calculation formula is: x   where: x = average;
x

N



= the

expression " sum of "; x = variables; N = number of subjects
...
By calculating the average we obtain a
measure of the average level relative to a studied sample, a fact that
then allows comparisons between groups
...
For this purpose, the results are squared
...

Standard deviation (root mean square deviation) is calculated as a
mean square from the deviations of individual values from their
arithmetic mean or by extracting the square root of the dispersion
...
In order to arrive at the standard deviation, we
resort to calculating the dispersion, whose radical is The formula will be:


( x  x )
N 1

2

, the symbols used being already presented
...
The standard deviation has the advantage of being
expressed in the same units as the initial data we process
...
This is the ratio between the mean square deviation (or
mean linear deviation) and the arithmetic mean of the distribution
...
100
x

As it follows from the formula, the coefficient of variation is
expressed in percentages, thus making it possible to compare or assess
homogeneity and can take values from 0 to 100%
...
Conversely, the higher the coefficient of variation, the more
intense the variation, and the lower the degree of significance of the
average
...

The significance of the difference between the frequencies is
determined by the chi square test ( 2 ) and is used for the comparison of
non-parametric variables
...

In other words, this method can demonstrate the certainty of the
difference between two distributions
...
The chi-square method is applied only in those
situations when the expected events are mutually exclusive, in the sense
that only one of them is possible to occur (for example, the elderly is
male or female, included in a certain age category and not in another,
with addiction or not, from the rural or urban environment, etc
...
The calculation formula is:
2  

 f 0  ft 2 ,

where f

ft

o

are the observed frequencies and f

t

the theoretical

frequencies
...
If the value obtained by
calculation is higher than that indicated in the table for the probability
p=0
...
If the calculated value is higher than the one
indicated for the probability p=0
...

Statistical studies have shown that a threshold of statistical
significance higher than 0
...
The orientation in the table of values 2 is guided by the number of
degrees of freedom "n", which depends on the number of established
classes (categories)
...

The hypothesis of the association of the variables in the crossfrequency table can be tested by the chi-square formula only if all the
values of the expected theoretical frequencies are greater than 1 and if
at least 20% of these values are greater than 5
...


II
...
PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY GROUPS
The experimental design assumed the use of an experimental
group made up of adults living in Argeş County who have the following
characteristics:


The age of the subjects was between 30 and 60 years, with an

average of 46
...
The subjects were classified into the following
age groups:
Age
group

30-35
years

36-40
years

41-45
years
old

46-50
years

51-55
years
old

56-60
years

Total

Number
of
subjects

12
16
...
6%

12
16
...
6%

12
16
...
6%

72
100%

Table no
...
1 shows the balanced distribution of the
subjects of the studied group by age group, with relative frequencies of
16
...


16,6%

16,6%

16,6%

16,6%

16,6%

30-35ani

36-40ani

16,6%

41-45ani

46-50ani

51-55ani

56-60ani

Fig
...
1 – Distribution of the studied cases according to age


Taking into account the subject's gender criterion, the gender

distribution was as follows: 32 men and 40 women (sex ratio 0
...
The
weights of the relative frequencies belonging to male (44
...
6%

44
...
6 %) subjects in the entire studied group are illustrated by
figure no
...
no
...
2), it is found that within
two age groups the sex ratio of men: women is 1:1 (age groups 30-35
years and 36- 40 years) or is in favor of women (the other age groups,
respectively 0
...
However, this does not affect the analysis of the
results because we will work with relative frequencies, which can
operationalize the differences induced by sex or any other variable at the
level of the studied group
...
3%
6
8
...
6%

6
8
...
3%
12
16
...
9%
7
9
...
6%

46-50
years
5
6
...
7%
12
16
...
9%
7
9
...
6%

56-60
years

Total

5
6
...
7%
12
16
...
4%
40
55
...
11 – Gender distribution of the studied group according to
age group
Figure no
...

Fig
...
3 – Distribution of cases in the studied group according to age and
sex
(absolute frequencies)
Since the differences induced by the sex and age of people are
increasingly influenced by social factors, we consider it useful to try to
establish possible correlations between the type of residence and the
educational level, on the one hand, and the degree of dependence of the

48
...
4%

URBAN

RURAL

people studied
...
no
...
4%) and 35 subjects from the rural environment (48
...

The slightly higher share of people from the urban environment in
the structure of the group as a whole can be seen in fig
...
4
...



Finally, from the point of view of educational level, 12 people

57

(16
...
7%) had completed
secondary education, and 20 people (27
...
The remaining 10 people (13
...


13,9%

27,8%

16,6%

41,7%
Fara studii

Studii primare

Studii medii

Studii superioare

Fig
...
5 – Distribution of the studied cases according to the educational
level
The distribution of the subjects according to the educational level
is shown in fig
...
5, whose analysis reveals the higher share of people
with secondary education in the educational structure of the studied
group
...


II
...
CONDUCT OF THE EXPERIMENT

The experiment took place between January 2005 and May 2005
and involved the completion of several stages, which will be detailed
...
The
subjects of the study group are adults living in Argeş county, from urban
or rural areas
...

Thus, subjects who reported changes of residence during their lifetime
(rural - urban or vice versa) as well as those who were away from the
country for a certain period of time were excluded
...

All these criteria for the selection of the subjects of the experiment
were used in order to decrease as much as possible the action of
unwanted parasitic variables and to be able to objectify the effects of the
studied factors on the degree of physical activity of the subjects
...
1 and
2), a series of parametric and non-parametric data was obtained on the
basis of which we will try to formulate some conclusions
...
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and
6), thus calculating average energy consumption
...
In order to capture the statistical significance of the
observed differences, we moved on to the statistical processing of the
resulting raw data, the next chapter focusing on this approach
...

At the level of the whole group, following the evaluation of physical
leisure activities (table no
...
3% of the subjects register a superior
physical condition, 18
...
2% reasonable, 22
...
2% very weak
...

Regarding the relationship between belonging to a certain gender
and the type of physical condition (measured by the physical activity
index evaluation scale, the situation is different compared to the whole
group (table no
...
no
...
Thus, 25% of adult men have a
reasonable physical condition and only 15
...
In adult women, however,
according to the same model of description, 25% register very poor
values, 25% poor values, 15% superior values and 15 % very good
values
...
15, n = 4, p 0
...

Sex
Cond
...
7%
7
21
...
7%
6
18
...
3%
13
18
...
2%
16
22
...
2%

25%
25%

100%
18,7%
80%

20%

18,7%
60%

15%
25%

15%

40%
20%
0%

21,9%
15,7%
Barbati
Total

Femei
32
100%

40
100%

F
...

F
...


72
22
...
12 - Distribution of types of physical condition (assessed by the
physical activity index - IAF) according to gender
Fig
...
6 – Distribution of types of physical condition (assessed by the
physical activity index – IAF) according to gender

61

Another study hypothesis concerned the relationship between the
level of physical condition and the residence of the subjects (urban /
rural)
...

It should be mentioned that the distribution of the types of physical
condition determined by leisure activities on the whole lot is the same as
in the previous analysis (according to sex)
...

physics
upper
Very good
Reasonable
LOW

u

R

Total

5
13
...
7%
12
32
...
5%

6
17
...
7%
4
11
...
4%

11
15
...
1%
16
22
...
2%

34,3%
100%

10,9%

31,4%

80% 13,5%
60% 32,4%

11,4%
5,7%

40%

17,2%
29,7%

20%
0%

13,5%
Urban

Very thin
Total

Rural
4
10
...
3%
35
100%

F
...

F
...


16
22
...
2%

Table no
...
no
...
4% of the
population has a reasonable participation in physical leisure activities,
and 29
...
9% have a very poor participation
...
3% of the population has a very
weak participation, 31
...
7%) characterizing
very good participation
...

The data prove that the living environment (urban / rural)
influences access to physical leisure activities, they being statistically
significant ( 2 = 10
...
05)
...
It is noted that we cannot make generalizations in this sense
because the distribution of cases according to the mentioned criterion is
not statistically significant ( 2 = 2
...

Also, the relationship between the family situation (marital status,
number of children, age of the youngest child) and the leisure-type
physical activity regime does not determine statistically significant
distributions, because the calculated p values are higher than the 0
...

On the other hand, in the case of the assessment of the physical
condition determined by physical leisure activities depending on the
income per family member (under 4 million lei/month and respectively
over 4 million lei/month: table no
...
no
...
5, n =
4, p 0
...

Among those with incomes per family member over 4 million
lei/month, the weight of 30
...
3% for reasonable participation and only 9
...
On the other hand, for the group of those with
incomes per family member under 4 million lei/month, the highest
percentages 33
...
8% characterize very weak and respectively
weak participation in leisure activities, and the lowest percentage
corresponds to very good participation (7
...

physics
upper
Very good
Reasonable
LOW
Very thin
Total

4 million lei

< 4 million lei

Total

7
21
...
3%
9
27
...
1%
3
9
...
3%
3
7
...
9%
12
30
...
3%
39
100%

11
15
...
1%
16
22
...
2%
16
22
...
2%

64

Table no
...
no
...
An income greater than 4 million allows
the provision of basic needs at the base of Maslow's motivational
pyramid and activates needs at the intermediate and higher levels of the
hierarchy
...

33,3%
100%

9,1%
80% 12,1%

30,8%

60% 27,3%

17,9%

40% 30,3%

7,7%
10,3%

20%
21,2%
0%
peste 4 milioane

sub 4 milioane

F
...

F
...


If basic needs are not met, this person will rarely show willingness
to engage in leisure activities
...


65

Regarding the main physical leisure activities carried out at the
group level and by gender, the following rankings were obtained (table
no
...

crt
...

2
...

4
...


The whole group
Walk
Jogging
Football
Tennis
Cycling

Barbie

Ladies

Football
Walk
Jogging
Tennis
Cycling

Walk
Jogging
Volley-ball
Cycling
Tennis

Table no
...
The preferences of the
subjects conditioned by their gender are obvious, for men the first three
places are football, walking and running, and for women walking, running
and volleyball
...
15:

Energy
consumption
average prof
...
variation
Energy
consumption by
act of leisure
(kcal/night)
std deviation

The whole group

Barbie

Ladies

4210

5100

3500

1389
...
5

66

Coef
...
16 – Average energy consumption for subjects of the
experimental group
It is observed that higher average values of energy consumption
were obtained for the male sex (5100 kcal/night) compared to the female
sex (3500 kcal/night), a fact explained by the professional peculiarities
and by the differences in the behavioral patterns attributed to the two
sexes
...

Regarding the average energy consumption through physical
leisure activities, it is noted that it is higher for the male sex (1200
kcal/spt) compared to the female sex (750 kcal/spt), which suggests a
much more active attitude from the part of men towards these activities
...
Relating the results obtained to other studies, we cannot
unfortunately ignore the fact that the involvement in physical leisure
activities is modest, especially for the female sex
...

This phenomenon was recorded in developed countries in the
80s, currently in these countries the health services are overburdened by
the complications (especially cardio-vascular and metabolic) arising from
the sedentary lifestyle
...
The individual who values these activities
becomes aware that he can achieve success on other levels as well,
obvious successes in his eyes and in the eyes of those around him
...
The individual becomes aware of his
rhythm of functioning in the family and in society
...

Physical leisure activities possess intrinsic characteristics that favor
the process of social reintegration, in the general context of their
sanogenetic effects
...
As an application objective the work he proposed to
evaluate the factors that condition physical leisure activities in adulthood, in
the context of contemporary Romanian society
...
At the level of the whole group, following the evaluation of
physical leisure activities, 15
...
1% very good, 22
...
2%
weak and respectively 22
...
It is observed that most
subjects are in the last three classes of physical condition reporting,
while the least numerous group registers a superior physical condition
...
Regarding the relationship between belonging to a certain
gender and the type of physical condition (measured by the evaluation
scale of the physical activity index), the obtained results show that the
situation is different compared to the whole group
...
7% have a
superior physical condition, the rest of the qualifiers registering
intermediate values
...

Belonging to a certain gender influences the regime of physical
leisure activities and implicitly the level of physical condition (p 0
...

3
...

Thus, in the urban environment, 32
...
7% very
good, while only 10
...
At the same time, in
the rural area 34
...
4% a weak participation, the lowest value (5
...
Probably, life in the urban environment, through the
facilities offered, seems to favor the performance of physical leisure
activities, which tend to increase the physical condition of the population
...
05)
...
The evaluation of the relationship between the physical
condition determined by physical leisure activities and the income per
family member (under 4 million lei/month and respectively over 4 million
lei/month) indicates a statistically significant distribution of cases (p 0
...

Among those with incomes per family member over 4 million
lei/month, the weight of 30
...
3% for reasonable participation and only 9
...
On the other hand, for the group of those with
incomes per family member under 4 million lei/month, the highest
percentages 33
...
8% characterize very weak and respectively
weak participation in leisure activities, and the lowest percentage
corresponds to very good participation (7
...

It is observed that the income per family member obviously
influences the participation rate in physical leisure activities, which is
explained by the material resources and implicitly by the higher standard
of living of this population group
...
Thus, the person can get involved in leisure activities in the
context of satisfying a need for affiliation, a need for esteem and status
or a need for self-realization
...
In conclusion, the level of income is
reflected in the way the person organizes his life, starting with the
elements related to the food ration and ending with the availability to

71

practice physical exercises, which ultimately improve his physical
condition and health
...
Regarding the main physical leisure activities carried out, it was
found that at the level of the whole group, the most liked form of physical
leisure activity is walking in the open air, followed by jogging, football,
tennis and cycling
...

6
...
High coefficients of variability are
noted both at the level of the entire batch and in the subgroups of men
and women, which suggests the inhomogeneity of the investigated batch
and the existence of various professions
...
Regarding the average energy consumption through physical
leisure activities, it is noted that it is higher for males (1200 kcal/night)
compared to females (750 kcal/night), which suggests a much more
active on the part of men towards these activities
...

Relating the results obtained to other studies, we cannot
unfortunately ignore the fact that the involvement in physical leisure
activities is modest, especially for the female sex
...

72

In conclusion, the data analysis indicates that the stated working
hypotheses were partially confirmed
...
Also, a current field of research is represented by
the assessment of the level of satisfaction in leisure and its influence on the
quality of life for normal people, but also for individuals with special needs,
who present different forms of disabilities
...
Braden, DR, Leisure and entertainment in America, Wayne State Univ
...

2
...
, Physiology, Ed
...

3
...
, Mayfield
Publ
...

4
...

5
...
, ed
...
Press, 1990
...
Chiriţă Georgeta, Physical activities and educational factors, Sport-Turism
Publishing House, Bucharest, 1978
...
Ciucurel C
...

8
...
, Presbyopia – between a gerontological and geriatric approach,
University Publishing House, Craiova, 2005
...
Dumazedier J
...

10
...
, Health through sport for everyone's understanding, Romanian Sports
Federation for All, Bucharest, 1997
...
Georgescu F
...

12
...

13
...
, Parker S
...

14
...
, Physiology, Medical Ed
...

15
...
Cârmaciu R
...
, Bucharest, 1996
...
Haulică I
...
, Bucharest, 1996
...
Horghidan V
...

18
...
, Psihomotricitatea, ANEFS, Bucharest, 2000
...
Lappe FM, What to do after you turn off the TV: fresh ideas for enjoying family
time, Ballantine, 1985
...
Niţescu V
...

21
...
, Leisure: the basis of culture, New American, 1964
...
Veal AJ, Leisure and the future, Unwin Hyman, 1987
...
Prevalence of leisure-time and occupational physical activity among employed
adults - United States, 1990, JAMA
...

24
...
Design and estimation for the National
Health Interview Survey, 1985-1994
...
(PHS)
...
(Vital and health statistics; series 2, no
...

25
...
, Prophylactic, therapeutic and recovery kinetology, Medical Ed
...

26
...
, Theoretical and practical bases of physical therapy, Ed
...

27
...
, Kinesiology – the science of movement, Medical Publishing House,
Bucharest, 2003
...
Wilcow Sara, Castro Cynthia, Kink AC, Housemann R
...

29
...


75

APPENDIX NO
...

Effort that leads only from time to time to
dyspnea and sweating; for example, tennis
...

Moderate efforts; for example, volleyball
...

Over 30 minutes
...

Between 10-20 minutes
...

Daily or almost daily
...

1-2 times a week
...

Less than once a month
...
2
Physical activity evaluation questionnaire
Name ……………
...


First name …………
...
physics prof
...
intellectual/spt
…
...

Predominantly carried out physical leisure activities :
1
...
summer……) Average/week
…
...
………………hours/week (winter……
...

3
...
summer……) Average/week
…
...
………………hours/week (winter……
...

5
...
summer……) Average/week
…
...
Average energy consumption/week………
...
Average energy consumption/week………
...
Average energy consumption/week………
...
Average energy consumption/week………
...
Average energy consumption/week………
...
of leisure
...
3
No
...


Age
years

Gender
M/F

Domicile
U/R

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2
...
BOYS

c
c
N
c
N
c
N
N
c
c
c
c
N
N
c
c
c
c
c
N
c
c
c
N

1
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
2
3
2
1
0
0
1
1
3
2
1
0
1
2
1
1

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57

41
45
42
43
44
45
44
43
41
42
43
44
46
47
48
50
46
49
50
46
47
48
49
50
52
53
52
54
55
54
53
55
54

m
F
m
F
m
F
m
F
m
F
F
F
m
m
m
F
m
F
F
F
m
F
F
F
m
F
F
m
F
F
m
m
F

u
R
u
R
R
R
u
u
u
u
R
R
R
u
u
u
R
R
R
u
u
u
R
u
R
u
R
u
R
u
u
R
R

S
p
0
S
m
m
S
m
p
m
m
m
S
p
m
m
S
S
0
p
m
m
m
p
S
p
0
0
p
0
S
S
p

80

c
N
c
N
c
N
c
c
c
c
N
c
c
c
c
c
c
N
N
c
c
c
c
N
N
N
c
c
N
N
c
c
c

2
2
1
0
3
2
1
1
4
3
0
0
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
3

58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72

53
52
51
56
57
58
57
60
58
59
57
56
59
56
57

F
F
m
F
F
m
m
m
F
F
m
F
F
m
F

u
R
u
u
u
R
u
R
u
u
R
R
u
u
R

m
m
m
S
p
0
S
0
S
p
0
m
m
m
m

c
c
N
N
c
c
N
c
N
c
N
c
c
c
N

The legend:
SEX:
M = male
F = female
Residence:
R = ruralU = urban
Education:
0 = no educationP = primary educationM = secondary educationS = higher education
C = married
N = single

81

2
1
1
0
0
1
2
1
1
1
0
1
1
2
1



---