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Biology Summary Part 1
Biology is the science that studies life and the elements involved in its processes and
evolution
...
It is interconnected
with other sciences in understanding life in living organisms, patterns of interaction, and the
processes involved
...

Reductionism is the process of simplifying complex systems into their individual
components to make them easier to study
...
Currently, research approaches using reductionist strategies have become the
forefront in large-scale research
...

Systems biology is closely related to the life sciences at all levels
...
Producers are organisms that use sunlight to produce sugars,
such as plants and other photosynthetic organisms
...

The exchange of energy that occurs between organisms and their surrounding
environment often involves the conversion of one form of energy into another
...
On the other hand, chemical nutrient cycles continue to operate within
an ecosystem
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Each cell uses DNA as its genetic information
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The general
differences are summarized in Table 1
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Characteristics
1
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Nuclear
Membrane
3
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Organelles

Prokaryotic Cell
1-10 µm
Absent

Eukaryotic Cell
10-100 µm
Present

Unicellular

5
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7
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Examples

Bacteria
(Archaebacteria and
Eubacteria)

Nucleus
Protists, Fungi,
Animals, and Plants

Cells contain DNA as the genetic material to carry out their developmental activities
...
DNA serves as the genetic substance that passes traits from parents to
offspring
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Thus, DNA plays a central role as a
database that controls the development and maintenance of the entire organism
...
Genes are segments of DNA that
determine individual traits
...
Each
DNA molecule forms a long, twisted chain, and DNA molecules are connected in a double helix
structure
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Nucleotides play a crucial role in encoding inherited traits
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In the production of proteins, a
mediator molecule called RNA is involved
...
However, not all RNA molecules are translated into proteins
...
The entirety of genetic information possessed by a cell or
organism is referred to as the genome
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The systems approach at the cellular and molecular levels is the best strategy for studying
the abundant data generated by genome sequencing projects and the increasing volume of protein
function data
...

There is an economic theory that applies to various biological systems, known as the law
of supply and demand
...
Conversely, during rest, sugar molecules are
converted into storage molecules through chemical reactions
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In life, there are two forms of regulation, namely positive feedback and negative
feedback
...
For example, blood clotting as a response to an
injury
...

Positive feedback occurs when the release of chemicals by platelets attracts more platelets, which
then initiate a complex process that closes the wound with a blood clot
...
For example, when a cell needs ATP (energy), it
undergoes the process of breaking down sugar molecules to obtain ATP
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Reference:
Campbell, Neil A
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Reece, Lisa A
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Cain, Steven A
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Minorsky and Robert B
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2008
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Damaring
Tyas Wulandari
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Erlangga: Jakarta



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