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Cell Biology
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- The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, and cells are the smallest
unit of life
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Types of Cells
- Cells can be categorized into two main types: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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g
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- Eukaryotic cells are more complex, with a true nucleus and various organelles (e
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, plant
and animal cells)
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Cell Structure: Eukaryotic Cells
- Common features of eukaryotic cells include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and
organelles
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- Cytoplasm: A gel-like substance where many cellular processes occur
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- Organelles: Specialized structures with specific functions, e
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, mitochondria for energy
production, endoplasmic reticulum for protein synthesis, Golgi apparatus for packaging and
secretion, etc
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Cell Structure: Plant Cells
- Plant cells have additional structures, such as a cell wall (provides support and
protection) and chloroplasts (site of photosynthesis)
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Cell Structure: Animal Cells
- Animal cells lack a cell wall but contain centrioles (involved in cell division)
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Movement of Substances
- Diffusion: The passive movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration
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- Osmosis: The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane
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- Active Transport: The movement of particles against their concentration gradient,
requiring energy (usually from ATP)
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- Examples: red blood cells (carry oxygen), nerve cells (transmit signals), root hair cells
(absorb water and nutrients), and muscle cells (contract)
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Cell Differentiation
- Cell differentiation is the process where unspecialized cells become specialized during
development
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- They can be used for research and medical treatments but have ethical considerations
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Cell Division
- Cell division is essential for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
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- Binary Fission: A method of cell division in prokaryotic cells (e
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, bacteria)

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