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Title: EVOLUTION NOTES
Description: Welcome to my collection of notes on evolution! Explore the captivating story of how life on Earth has changed over millions of years. From the earliest single-celled organisms to the diversity of species we see today, my notes cover the key concepts of natural selection, adaptation, and genetic variation. Whether you're studying biology or simply intrigued by the history of life, these notes offer clear explanations and insights into the fascinating process of evolution. Join me on this journey to uncover the wonders of life's journey!

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Evolution  

 
Origin of Life 
Year  

Scientist  

Theory/Experiment 

Conclusion 

1927 

Lemaitre 

Big Bang theory 

The universe 
expanded from 
explosion of a 
primordial, hot 
substance
...
 

1952 

Stanley 

Synthesis of biomolecules by 

Amino acids were 

Miller and 

creation of similar conditions 

synthesised from 

Urey  

as primitive atmosphere on 

ammonia, oxygen, 

laboratory scale 

and carbon dioxide 
inside specialised 
apparatus
...
 
4, ​
3, ​
2, ​
● Urey and Miller took the same compounds in a closed flask along with 
º​
water vapour at 800​
C and created an electric discharge
...
 was observed in the flask
...
 
● He made observations on his sea­trip around the world aboard H
...
S
...
 
● The evolution of life forms has been gradual and those life forms 
better fit in environments that leave more progeny
...
 
● Alfred Wallace working in the Malay Archepelago also came to the 
same conclusion
...
 Different aged rock sediments contain 
fossils of different life­forms, which probably died during the formation 
of the particular sediment
...
 Some of the examples of comparative 
anatomy and morphology are: 
● Homologous organs​
 − All mammals share the same pattern of 
forelimbs
...
 This is called ​
divergent evolution​
 and the 
structures are called homologous structures (common ancestors)
...
g
...
 This is called ​
convergent evolution​

...
 However, after industrialisation, there were 
more of dark melanised moths
...
 
● Similarly, the herbicide and pesticide resistant plants and animals and 
antibiotic resistant bacteria are some of the evidences that point 
towards evolution
...
 
● They varied from normal seed eating varieties to those that ate 
insects
...
 
● The other example for this is the evolution of the Australian marsupials 
from a single ancestor
...
 Example: placental wolf and the 
Tasmanian wolf 
● When more than one adaptive radiation occurs in an isolated 
geographical area, the phenomenon is called convergent evolution
...
 
● The number of life forms depends upon their ability to multiply and 
their life span
...
 
● Branching descent​
 and ​
natural selection​
 are the two important 
concepts of Darwin’s theory of evolution
...
 For example, 
giraffe have developed long necks as a result of attempts to eat leaves 
high up on trees
...
 Hence, the population’s 
characteristics change, giving rise to the evolution of new life forms
...
 
● Mendel mentioned about inheritable factors, which influenced the 
phenotype of an organism
...
 
● Mutations are random and directionless while the variations that 
Darwin talked about were small and directional
...
 
Hardy­Weinberg Principle  
● The frequency of occurrence of alleles of a gene in a population 
remains constant through generations unless disturbances such as 
mutations, non­random mating, etc
...
 
● Genetic equilibrium (gene pool remains constant) is a state which 
provides a baseline to measure genetic change
...
 
● Individual frequencies are represented as p and q such as in a diploid, 
where p and q represent the frequency of allele ​
A​
 and ​
a​

...
 
2​
2​
2​
● Hence, p​
 + 2pq + q​
 = 1, which is the expansion of (p + q)​

...
 
● Hardy­Weinberg equilibrium is affected by 

● gene flow or gene migration 
● genetic drift (changes occurring by chance) 
● mutation 
● genetic recombination 
● natural selection 
● Sometimes, the change in allele frequency is so prominent in the new 
sample of population that they become a different species and the 
original drifted population becomes the founder
...
 
● The advantageous mutations that help in natural selection over the 
generations give rise to new phenotypes and result in speciation
...
 
● Some of these cells had the ability to produce oxygen through 
reactions similar to photosynthesis
...
 
● Seaweeds and some plants probably existed around 320 million years 
ago
...
 The first of them to 
evolve were invertebrates
...
 
● Some of the fishes could go on land, and then come back to water
...
 In 1938, a fish Coelacanth, which 
was thought to be extinct, was caught in South Africa
...
 
● Amphibians evolved into reptiles
...
 However, about 65 
million years ago, some of them such as dinosaurs disappeared
...
 
● During continental drift when North America joined South America, 
primitive mammals suffered, but pouched mammals of Australia 
survived the same drift because of lack of competition from other 
mammals
...
5 million 

Homo erectus  

Brain capacity of about 900 

years ago 
1,000 − 40, 

cc; were meat eaters 
Neanderthal man 

Brain capacity of 1400 cc; 

000 years 

used hides 

ago 
75, 000 − 

Homo sapiens  

  

10, 000 
years ago 
When we compare the skulls of an adult human being, baby chimpanzee, 
and adult chimpanzee, we observe that skull of baby chimpanzee resembles 
human being more as compared to adult chimpanzee
Title: EVOLUTION NOTES
Description: Welcome to my collection of notes on evolution! Explore the captivating story of how life on Earth has changed over millions of years. From the earliest single-celled organisms to the diversity of species we see today, my notes cover the key concepts of natural selection, adaptation, and genetic variation. Whether you're studying biology or simply intrigued by the history of life, these notes offer clear explanations and insights into the fascinating process of evolution. Join me on this journey to uncover the wonders of life's journey!