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Title: Parts and Modification of cell for specific functions, Grade 8 & O-levels Biology
Description: These notes, for students of Grade 8 & especially students of O-levels, thoroughly explain what are parts of cell, what are their functions and what are their special features which help them to perform their functions efficiently. The functions and modification of cells are explained in detail. These notes can definitely guarantee you A+ grade in exam!
Description: These notes, for students of Grade 8 & especially students of O-levels, thoroughly explain what are parts of cell, what are their functions and what are their special features which help them to perform their functions efficiently. The functions and modification of cells are explained in detail. These notes can definitely guarantee you A+ grade in exam!
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Parts and Modification of cell for specific functions,
Grade 8 & O-levels Biology
Written by:- Maria Batool
Table of Contents
What are the parts of a cell and their functions?
What is Protoplasm?
The protoplasm of the cell consists of 3 parts:
1
...
Cytoplasm:3
...
In this lesson we will start with the cell and its structure
...
What is Protoplasm?
A cell consists of a mass of living matter called protoplasm
...
70% of the protoplasm is
water, the rest consists of mineral salts and organic compounds such as
carbohydrates, fats and protein
...
Nucleus:The nucleus consists of a nuclear envelope which separates the contents of the
nucleus from the contents of the cell
...
Nucleolus is also a part of the nucleus
...
There are spherical structures called
nucleoli
...
The functions of
the nucleus:
● Responsible for cell reproduction
...
● Also required for the repair of worn-out parts
...
Cytoplasm:The part of the protoplasm surrounding the nucleus is called cytoplasm
...
The cytoplasm consists of 70% of water
...
Mitochondria: Small spherical or rod-shaped organelles
...
The energy released may be stored in small molecules called ATP (adenosine
triphosphate)
...
Plant cells may also contain the organelles called
chloroplasts
...
A vacuole is present, it is a fluid-filled space enclosed by a
membrane
...
The
large vacuole is enclosed by a membrane called the tonoplast
...
3
...
It is a partially permeable membrane which controls the
movement happening in and out of the cell
...
The cell wall is made of cellulose
...
We will
discuss the modification of cell structure for specific functions
...
New cells produced may change and
develop into new issues
...
There are
many types of cells in organisms
...
The following table gives a few examples of cells with different structures, explaining
how their specific structures help them in their functioning within the organism
...
Red Blood Cell
The red blood cell contains a red
pigment called haemoglobin,
enabling the cell to transport oxygen
from the lungs to all parts of the body
...
As a result, oxygen can diffuse
into and out of the whole cell at a faster
rate
...
There are no cross-walls and
no protoplasm present which helps
water to move easily through the lumen
( hollow space in the vessel )
...
When several
xylem vessels are bundled
together, they provide mechanical
support to the plant
...
Organisms have tissues, which
are a group of similar cells performing a specific function, examples of such tissue is
epithelial tissue
...
Different organs
then make up an organ system
...
Example:-
Cells ------ Tissue ------ Organ ------ Organ System ------- Organism
Muscle cells ------ Muscle tissue ------- Stomach --------- Digestive System ------- Organism
Now, muscle tissue is not the only tissue that makes up the organ stomach
...
Also the stomach is not the only organ in
the digestive system, other organs like the small intestine and liver are also present
...
Title: Parts and Modification of cell for specific functions, Grade 8 & O-levels Biology
Description: These notes, for students of Grade 8 & especially students of O-levels, thoroughly explain what are parts of cell, what are their functions and what are their special features which help them to perform their functions efficiently. The functions and modification of cells are explained in detail. These notes can definitely guarantee you A+ grade in exam!
Description: These notes, for students of Grade 8 & especially students of O-levels, thoroughly explain what are parts of cell, what are their functions and what are their special features which help them to perform their functions efficiently. The functions and modification of cells are explained in detail. These notes can definitely guarantee you A+ grade in exam!