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Title: protein vaccines
Description: The document provides a detailed explanation of the production process for recombinant protein-based vaccines, including steps like antigen generation, purification, and formulation with adjuvants, stabilizers, and preservatives. It also discusses the role of adjuvants in enhancing the immunogenicity of vaccines, their mechanisms of action, and various examples of adjuvants used in licensed vaccines. While the content is comprehensive and covers advanced topics, the language used is relatively straightforward and explanatory, making it potentially suitable for undergraduate students in the second or third year of a relevant program, such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology, or pharmacy. However, it is important to note that the depth of understanding required for this material may vary depending on the specific program and course level. Some sections, particularly those discussing the production processes and mechanisms of action, may be more appropriate for advanced undergraduate or graduate-level coursework
Description: The document provides a detailed explanation of the production process for recombinant protein-based vaccines, including steps like antigen generation, purification, and formulation with adjuvants, stabilizers, and preservatives. It also discusses the role of adjuvants in enhancing the immunogenicity of vaccines, their mechanisms of action, and various examples of adjuvants used in licensed vaccines. While the content is comprehensive and covers advanced topics, the language used is relatively straightforward and explanatory, making it potentially suitable for undergraduate students in the second or third year of a relevant program, such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology, or pharmacy. However, it is important to note that the depth of understanding required for this material may vary depending on the specific program and course level. Some sections, particularly those discussing the production processes and mechanisms of action, may be more appropriate for advanced undergraduate or graduate-level coursework
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Tharindunee madam – 05
...
2023
11
Protein Therapeutics III – Protein Vaccines
What is a vaccine in simple words?
Vaccine: A preparation that is used to stimulate the body’s immune response against diseases
...
Prophylactic Vaccines
Therapeutic Vaccines
Preventative vaccine
Utilize a patient's own immune system to
fight an existing disease
Eg
...
S
...
A vaccine is
like a pathogen-imposter: it looks like a certain bacteria or virus to the immune system but doesn't make the
body sick
...
Vaccination
exposes the body to antigens that are like the antigens found on a pathogen
...
Capture by Antigen-Presenting Cell (APC) APCs roam the body looking for invaders
...
T Helper Cell Activation: APCs displaying the antigen travel to areas where immune cells cluste such as lymph
nodes
...
T helper cells (one
type of active T cells) alert nearby cells to the presence of the invader
...
B cells can recognize
antigens displayed by APCs as well as antigens traveling freely in the body
...
Some of these will mature into
plasma B cells, and others will develop into memory B cells
...
The plasma B cells produce antibodies specific to the vaccine antigen
...
This action may prevent the antigen from entering a cell or mark the antigen for destruction
...
Killer T cells
find and destroy the invaded cells aïve killer T cells require an APC to display an antigen piece before they
are activated
...
If the real pathogen enters the body in the future, memory cells will recognize it
...
How vaccines work: response to pathogen post vaccination
Vaccination "programs" the immune system to remember a particular disease agent by allowing it to
"practice" on a weakened or killed version of the pathogen
...
If the pathogen invades the body again in full strength, the immune system is ready to respond with a swift
and specific defense
...
Secondary responses happen faster
and at a greater magnitude than primary responses, resulting in the creation of more antibodies to fight the
pathogen and more memory cells to fight it in the future
...
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) ingest it, displaying
portions of the antigen on their surface
...
Memory T helper cells, similar to their counterparts in the
vaccination process, will release signals to alert other immune cells and encourage a response
...
Memory B Cells Become Active Plasma Cells: Memory B cells respond to the presence of an antigen by
activating and differentiating into plasma B cells
...
However, in the secondary response, the plasma cells produce more
antibodies and at a faster rate than in the primary response
...
Killer T Cells Respond: If the vaccination process induced a killer T cell response, then memory cells of that
type will persist and be activated by exposure to the antigen
...
Retention of Memory Cells: The invading pathogen has been stopped
...
Memory cells can
persist in an individual's body for decades
...
Step 2: Release antigen from the cells and purification from growth media
Step 3: Purification of the recombinant proteins by chromatography
Step 4: Addition of an adjuvants (substrate that non- specifically increases the immune response), stabilizers
(increase shelf life) preservatives (allow multi-dose vials to be used safely)
Step 5: combining all components of the vaccines and uniformly mixing in a single vessel, filling the
vaccines into single vials or syringes, sealing and labelling
...
Prophylactic Vaccines: Sub-Unit Vaccines
•
•
•
Use components of a pathogen (surface protein)
Safe and highly characterized vaccines
Examples: Hepatitis B, HPV
Benefits
1
...
Purified protein(s) as an immunogen that ensures that the preparation is stable and safe, is precisely
defined chemically
3
...
Likely take several additional doses, or booster shots, to maintain a person's immunity
...
High cost of protein purification\isolated protein or carbohydrate antigen may differ in its
conformation
...
Combination of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with a proprietary Toll-like Receptor 9 agonist
to enhance the immune response [Hepatitis B Vaccine (Recombinant), Adjuvanted]
Intramuscular injection, 2 doses
...
HBsAg is expressed intra- cellularly in the yeast cells
...
Combine purified HBsAg is with the CpG 1018 adjuvant (22-merphosphorothioate linked
oligodeoxynucleotide in a phosphate buffered saline)
Prophylactic Vaccines: Toxoid (Inactivated Toxins) Vaccines
•
•
Use of "detoxified" toxins
...
More stable and safer than live vaccines
...
Usually don't require refrigeration
...
Stimulate a weaker immune system response than do live vaccines
...
Likely take several additional doses, or booster shots, to maintain a person's immunity
...
Terms related to the production process of production process of tetanus vaccines
...
It is used for preparing the inoculum for the production medium
...
Bulk purified toxoid: The processed purified material, prepared from either a single harvest or a pool of
several single harvests
...
Final bulk (vaccine): The final homogeneous vaccine present in a single container from which the final
containers are filled either directly or through one or more intermediate containers (sub-bulks)
...
A final lot must therefore have been filled from a single container in one
continuous working session
...
In other words, adjuvants help vaccines work better
...
However, most vaccines developed today include just small components of germs, such as
their proteins, rather than the entire virus or bacteria
...
Adjuvanted vaccines
can cause more local reactions (such as redness, swelling, and pain at the injection site) and more systemic
reactions (such as fever, chills and body aches) than non-adjuvanted vaccines
...
Enhancing Antigen Presentation: Adjuvants can help improve the way antigens are presented to
the immune system
...
This enhances the chances of the immune system
recognizing the antigen as a threat
...
Prolonging Antigen Exposure: Adjuvants can slow down the release of antigens from the injection
site, which means that the immune system is exposed to the antigen for a longer period
...
3
...
This stimulation can include the activation of toll-like
receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the recruitment of immune cells to the site of injection
...
Increasing Antibody Production: Adjuvants can boost the production of antibodies, which are
proteins produced by B cells in response to antigens
...
5
...
This is particularly important when dealing with limited or expensive antigen sources
...
Some common examples of adjuvants include:
•
•
•
Aluminium
Aluminum-containing adjuvants are vaccine ingredients that have been used in vaccines since the
1930s
...
AS01B
AS01B is an adjuvant suspension used with the antigen component of Shingrix vaccine
...
AS01B is made of
up of monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), an immune-boosting substance isolated from the surface of
bacteria, and QS-21, a natural compound extracted from the Chilean soapbark tree (Quillaja
saponaria Molina)
...
AS04
Beginning in 2009, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) was used in one U
...
vaccine (Cervarix®) for
HPV infections; however, the vaccine is no longer available in the United States due to low market
demand
...
•
•
•
CpG 1018
CpG 1018 is a recently developed adjuvant used in Heplisav-B vaccine
...
When CpG 1018is included in a vaccine, it increases the body’s immune response
...
S
...
MatrixMTM
MatrixM adjuvant is made from saponins derived from the soapbark tree (Quillaja
saponaria Molina), along with cholesterol and phospholipids
...
MF59 is an oil-in-water emulsion composed of squalene,
which is a naturally occurring oil found in many plant and animal cells, as well as in humans
...
Mechanism of action of an adjuvant
(1) Some adjuvants presumably form a depot at the site of injection, which is associated with slow release of
antigen
...
(3) Secreted cytokines and chemokines are involved in recruitment of various immune cells to the injection
site
...
All these
events lead to formation of a local immuno-competent environment at the injection site
...
(5) This leads to maturation and activation of recruited APCs
...
(6) They are also characterized by increased capacity for antigen processing and presentation
...
Title: protein vaccines
Description: The document provides a detailed explanation of the production process for recombinant protein-based vaccines, including steps like antigen generation, purification, and formulation with adjuvants, stabilizers, and preservatives. It also discusses the role of adjuvants in enhancing the immunogenicity of vaccines, their mechanisms of action, and various examples of adjuvants used in licensed vaccines. While the content is comprehensive and covers advanced topics, the language used is relatively straightforward and explanatory, making it potentially suitable for undergraduate students in the second or third year of a relevant program, such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology, or pharmacy. However, it is important to note that the depth of understanding required for this material may vary depending on the specific program and course level. Some sections, particularly those discussing the production processes and mechanisms of action, may be more appropriate for advanced undergraduate or graduate-level coursework
Description: The document provides a detailed explanation of the production process for recombinant protein-based vaccines, including steps like antigen generation, purification, and formulation with adjuvants, stabilizers, and preservatives. It also discusses the role of adjuvants in enhancing the immunogenicity of vaccines, their mechanisms of action, and various examples of adjuvants used in licensed vaccines. While the content is comprehensive and covers advanced topics, the language used is relatively straightforward and explanatory, making it potentially suitable for undergraduate students in the second or third year of a relevant program, such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology, or pharmacy. However, it is important to note that the depth of understanding required for this material may vary depending on the specific program and course level. Some sections, particularly those discussing the production processes and mechanisms of action, may be more appropriate for advanced undergraduate or graduate-level coursework