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EEE Notes BY SUMIT
29 May 2024

21:07

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Ans :
Basis of
Differen
ce

Active Component

Passive Component

Definitio A circuit component which can deliver
n
power or power gain in an electric
circuit for infinite duration of time is
known as active component
...


Examples The common examples of active
components are energy sources
(voltage or current source),
generators, semiconductor devices
like transistors, solar cells, SCR, etc
...


Character
ization
Definition

Series Circuit

Parallel Circuit

A series circuit is a circuit in
A parallel circuit is a circuit in
which the circuit components which the circuit components are
are connected one after the
connected in parallel with the
other
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Arrangeme Components are connected in
nt
line
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Current

Similar current flows through
each component
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Voltage

Different voltages across
each component
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Path

It has only one path
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Star-to-Delta (Y-Δ) Transformation:
The star-to-delta (Y-Δ) transformation allows us to convert a star (Y)
network into an equivalent delta (Δ) network
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Write the superposition theorem
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Ans:
Thevenin’s theorem is a powerful technique used in electrical
circuit analysis
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Thevenin’s Theorem Example: Let’s consider the following circuit
as an example: !Thevenin’s Theorem Example Circuit
• Step 1: Remove the load resistance (40 Ω) from the circuit
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If
current sources are present, open-circuit them
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67Ω
• Step 4: Reconnect the voltage sources and find the equivalent
voltage (V_AB):
○ The current flowing around the loop is:
I=RV=20Ω+10Ω20V−10V=0
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State and explain Kirchhoff’s current and voltage law
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Kirchhoff's voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum
of the total EMF in a closed loop is equal to the algebraic sum
of the voltage drops across each resistance in the loop

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Ans:
Average Value: For a pure sinusoidal waveform, the average value
can be easily calculated as
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637
RMS Value: The RMS value of a sinusoidal waveform is not the
same as the average of all the instantaneous values
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707
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Distinguish between (i) apparent power (ii) active power (iii)
reactive power in ac circuit
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• It combines both the dissipated power and the returned power
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Active Power (P):
• Active power, also known as true power or real power, is the
power that is actually consumed or utilized by the load
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g
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• For purely resistive loads (where voltage and current are in
phase), active power is positi

Reactive Power (Q):
• Reactive power is associated with reactive elements (inductive or
capacitive) in the circuit
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• For inductive loads current lags behind voltage, resulting in
positive reactive power
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Discuss about pure resistive circuit with phasor diagram,waveform
and power equation
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Here are some
key points about such a circuit:

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Draw phasor diagram and the
waveform of voltage ,current and instantaneous power
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These components
influence each other, affecting the flow of current and voltage
within the circuit
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Discuss resonance in RLC series circuit
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Draw relevant vector
diagram
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This
results in several interesting properties:
Power Factor:
The power factor ((PF)) indicates the phase relationship between
the current and voltage in an AC circuit
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As the frequency increases, the inductive reactance also increases
linearly
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Resistance ®:
Resistance ((R)) remains constant with changes in frequency
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Ans:
V-I Characteristics of PN Junction Diode
The V-I characteristics of a PN junction diode represent the
relationship between the voltage applied across the diode (V) and the
current flowing through it (I)
Forward Bias (Positive Voltage on P-region):
• When a positive voltage is applied to the P-region and a negative
voltage to the N-region, the forward bias reduces the depletion
region's width
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Reverse Bias (Positive Voltage on N-region):
• When a positive voltage is applied to the N-region and a negative
voltage to the P-region, the depletion region widens
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EEE Notes BY SUMIT 2 Page 6

majority carriers, resulting in a very small reverse current
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Give the classification of the rectifier and explain the full wave
rectifier
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They achieve this by allowing current to flow
in only one direction
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It utilizes both positive and
negative halves of the AC waveform to produce a pulsating DC output
with less ripple (fluctuation)
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Why filter circuit is required? What are the components that can
be used as filter elements?
Ans:
Filter circuits are essential electronic components for several reasons:
Signal Purification: They remove unwanted frequencies or noise from
a signal, allowing only the desired frequencies to pass through
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EEE Notes BY SUMIT 2 Page 7

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Ans:
Clipper Circuit:
• A clipper circuit clips off or removes a portion from an AC signal
without distorting or changing the remaining part of the waveform
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• Components: A clipper circuit typically consists of a diode and
a resistor
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• It increases the amplitude of the signal, effectively acting as
a voltage multiplier circuit
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The capacitor stores the necessary charge to amplify the
voltage or amplitude of the signal
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What are the differences between common base, common emitter
and common collector configuration?
Ans:

• Common Base (CB): The base terminal is common to both the input
and output circuits
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• Common Emitter (CE): The emitter terminal is common to both the
input and output circuits
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(This is the most widely used
configuration)
• Common Collector (CC): The collector terminal is common to both the
input and output circuits
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Ans:
Line Regulation:
• Definition: Line regulation refers to a power supply’s ability to
maintain a constant output voltage despite fluctuations in the
input (line) voltage
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2 , \text{V}) for a line voltage of (105 ,
\text{V}_{\text{rms}})
• (V_{HL} = 11
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It ensures stable
operation even under changing loads
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6 , \text{V}) for no-load current
• (V_{FL} = 9
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Give the comparison between series and shunt voltage regulator

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Ans:
Series Regulator:
Stabilizes the output voltage by adjusting the current flow through
the load
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Shunt Regulator:
Stabilizes the output voltage by diverting excess current away from
the load
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•

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Ans:
A switch-mode power supply (SMPS), also called a switching power
supply, is a highly efficient electronic circuit that converts electrical
EEE Notes BY SUMIT 2 Page 10

supply, is a highly efficient electronic circuit that converts electrical
power from one voltage level to another
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What is a thermocouple?
Ans:
A thermocouple is a type of temperature sensor that converts
temperature differences into a proportional voltage
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Active Transducers:
• Definition: These transducers generate their own output signal
without requiring an external power source
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• Power Source: The energy for operation comes from the
measured quantity itself
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They modulate the external power based on the physical
quantity being measured
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EEE Notes BY SUMIT 2 Page 11

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Ans:
Sensor

Transducer

A device that converts physical
parameters to electrical output
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The word Sensor comes from the
USA
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The use of a Sensor is for sensing
the element itself
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In the Sensor its resistance
changes with temperature

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