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CCS 310: MOBILE COMPUTING
Principles, Technologies, Applications
and Application Development of
Mobile Computing Systems

Section One

CCS 310: MOBILE COMPUTING
COURSE INFORMATION

Broad Objectives/Outcomes of the course
•

Course Aims: Introduces the basic concepts and principles in mobile computing
...

– Provides an opportunity for students to understand the key components and technologies
involved and to gain hands-on experiences in building mobile applications
...

– Understand positioning techniques and location-based services and applications
– Describe the important issues and concerns on security and privacy
– Professional skill
• Familiarize with current Android development platform and environment
• Design and implement mobile applications to realize location-aware computing
• Design and implement mobile applications to realize desired graphical user interface
– Attitude
• Recognize the important issues and concerns on security and privacy

General Course Information
•

COURSE INSTRUCTOR: J K Alwala, Dept
...
ac
...
com
PREREQUISITES (Important):

/

•

– CCS 207 Analogue and Digital Communications
– CCS 209 Computer Architecture and Organization
– CCS 307 Computer Networks

•
•
•
•

LECTURES/LABS
Lectures: Thursdays 9 am to 11 am
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Lects/LAB Sessions: Thursdays 2 pm to 4 pm
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30 pm, 2015
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CAT#2, 2 pm to 3
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Maximum score 10 %
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Date TBA
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pdf notes in folder ccs312_2015jan

Course Topics
•

Introduction to Mobile Computing: definitions; relationship with other types
of computing (distributed, pervasive and ubiquitous computing
WK 1
PART ONE
• Wireless Communication Networks and Systems: radio propagation; digital
communication systems modulation ; satellite communications; cellular
wireless networks, WLANs and WPANs; network standards
WK 2-4
PART TWO
• Mobile Computing Software Design Fundamentals: mobility and location
management; support network and transport layer protocols ; security issues
and techniques
WK 5-6
• Hardware Support for Mobile Computing Systems: design concepts and
constraints; GPU features; ARM processors
WK 7
• Mobile Computing Software Platforms: mobile computing software design
concepts and constraints
...
Information dissemination
...

– About 7
...


• Major motivations arise from modern working, learning and
living styles, with the underpinnings of the Internet
...

• Computer networks: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, Internet-enabled
phone promise anytime untethered Internet access
...

•The main concept involves:
•Mobile communication
•Mobile hardware
•Mobile software
•Mobile Communication refers to the
infrastructure put in place to ensure
seamless and reliable communication
...

stated services
...

and receiving signals, and are
•This ensures that there is no
generally configured to operate in fullcollision with other existing systems which
duplex
...

• Portability is the main factor, hence mobile computing ensures users are not tied or
pinned to a single physical location, but are able to operate from anywhere
...


What is Mobile Computing?
•
•

•
•

“…mobile computing is associated with mobility of hardware,
data and software in computer applications
...
”
“…information at any time, any place, and in any form
...
”
“The combination of mobile computing and wireless
communications is prompting the emergence of what is
referred to as pervasive or ubiquitous computing
...

Pervasive computing spaces involve autonomous networked
heterogeneous systems operating with minimum human
intervention
• Pervasive means “diffused throughout every part of”
• Ubiquitous means “everywhere”

Wireless Mobile or Mobile Wireless?
• Dimensions of mobility:
– The set of properties that distinguishes the
mobile computing system from stationary
computing system
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Location awareness
Network connectivity quality of service (QOS)
Limited device capabilities
Limited power supply
Support for a wide variety of user interfaces
Platform proliferation
Active transactions

Features of Mobility
• Aspects of mobility
– User mobility: users communicate “anytime, anywhere, with anyone”
• Example: read/write email on web browser

– Device portability: devices can be connected anytime, anywhere to
the network

• Wireless vs
...
11 or HIPERLAN
Personal area networks, e
...
, Bluetooth
Metropolitan Area networks e
...
WiMAx
Wide area networks: GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, LTE, ISDN, etc
Internet: Mobile IP extension of the Internet protocol IP

Wide Range of Technologies
• Wireless communication networks

– multiple networks “covering” the globe
– world-wide deregulation and spectrum auctions
– standard communication systems and air link interfaces

• Portable information appliances

– laptops, notebooks, sub-notebooks, and MNCs
– hand-held computers, tablets
– PDAs and Smart phones
• Wide range of software and development platforms:
– Fully centralized frameworks and tools, mainly for embedded dedicated
systems
...
These logical
tiers may operate in multiple configurations, using any number of physical
systems, thereby providing unlimited flexibility and scalability for dynamic
business requirements
...


New Forms of Computing

• Distributed
Computing
(Client/Server)

•
•
•
•
•
•

Wireless Computing
Nomadic Computing
Mobile Computing
Ubiquitous Computing
Pervasive Computing
Invisible Computing

Nomadic, Mobile & Ubiquitous

No
Network

Fixed
Network

Fixed
Wireless
Network

Wireless
Network
(A)

Nomadic Computing

Ubiquitous Computing

Wireless
Network
(B)

Mobile Computing

Mobile & Ubiquitous Computing
Distributed, Mobile, and Pervasive/Ubiquitous Computing

Mobility and Adaptability
1
...

3
...


•Mobile Computing => Adaptive
Computing and Communication
•Cross-Layer approach is need
for:
•Adaptation
•Conserving resources
such as energy
•Mobile computing is distinct
from distributed computing
•Mobile computing is an
essential component of
Ubiquitous computing
...

-Mark Weiser
Chief technologist at Xerox PARC
Father of "ubiquitous computing"
(1952-1999)

Reference: Mark Weiser, “The Computer for the 21st Century”, Scientific America, Sep
...
”

Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing
•

•
•

•

•

Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing means many computing devices serving
people in every aspects of daily life without user’s awareness of the existing
devices
...

Some Keywords
• Invisible
• Transparent
• Embedded
• Mobile
• Everywhere
The 5As Model for Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing
– Anytime/Anywhere: 7 days x 24 hours, global access
...

– Any network: Mobile/Wireless
– Any data: e-mail, MMS message
...


Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing
Trends
• The major trends in
computing

The Major Trends in Computing
Mainframe

Many people
share a
computer

Personal
Computer

One computer,
one person

Internet,
Distributed
Computing

Transitional
State

Ubiquitous
Computing

Each of us
making use of
many computers

• The major trends in
computing

Locational History of Computing

• Four phases, each with a distinct set of locational imperatives
– Phase I: The single user mainframe, spread over geographical
landscape in response to the distribution of demand
...


– Phase III: the Workstation era, due to the emergence of the personal
computer and portable and laptop computers
• Need to travel to mainframe locations removed altogether

– Phase IV: the Network era, through medium to high speed links and
technologies based on copper, microwave, satellite and fiber
• Client-server computing architectures matured, including Internet and WWW
...


Relies on Wireless and cellular
Infrastructure

Global
Satellite

Suburban
Urban
In-Building

Micro-Cell
Macro-Cell

Pico-Cell
dik ©

In-Room
(BlueTooth)

Wireless Communication Technology

(IMT-2000)

Wireless Network Convergence
Mobility

2G/3G Mobility-Bandwidth Trade-off
Global
National

1-7 GHz

GSM

0
...
1-2
...
11 standards
Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi
...
11a: 54 Mbps, 5 GHz
• 802
...
4 GHz
• 802
...
4 GHz
• 802
...
4 and 5 GHz
• 802
...
11ad: 7 Gbps, 2
...
15 standard
• Supports speeds up to 3 Mb/s
• Provides device pairing over distances from 1 to 100
meters
...
16 standard
• Provides speeds up to 1 Gbps
• Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide wireless
broadband access
...
11 Wi-Fi Standards
Standard

Maximum Speed

Frequency

Backwards
Compatible

802
...
11b

11 Mbps

2
...
11g

54 Mbps

2
...
11b

802
...
4 GHz or 5 GHz

802
...
11ac

1
...
4 GHz and 5
...
11b/g/n

802
...
4 GHz, 5 GHz and 60
GHz

802
...

A wireless sensor network is a collection of nodes organized into a cooperative
network
...
g
...

– The nodes communicate wirelessly and often self-organize after being deployed in an ad
hoc fashion
...


•

A wireless sensor network comprises low-cost, low-power, multifunctional
sensor nodes that are small in size and communicate untethered in short
distances
...


Wireless Sensor Networks
• A generic WSN is shown below, which generally consist of a data
acquisition network and a data distribution network, monitored and
controlled by a management center
...


Section Three

MOBILE DEVICES OVERVIEW

Effects of mobility
• Hardware
– Lighter
– More robust
– Lower power (battery operation)

• Wireless communication
– Time-varying channels

• Network protocols
– Name/address/location changes
– Delay changes
– Error rate changes

• Fidelity
– High fidelity may not be possible

• Security
– Lighter-weight algorithms
– Endpoint authentication harder
– Devices more vulnerable

• Performance
– Network, CPU all constrained
– Delay and delay variability

• Operating systems
– New resources to track and
manage: energy

• Applications
– Name changes
– Changes in connectivity
– Changes in quality of resources

• People
– Introduces new complexities,
failures, devices

Effects of Device Portability
• Energy consumption
–
–
–
–
–

there is no Moore’s law for batteries or solar cells
limited computing power, low quality displays, small disks
Limited memory (no moving parts)
Radio transmission has a high energy consumption
CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f
• C: total capacitance, reduced by integration
• V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
• f: clock frequency, can be reduced temporally

• Limited user interfaces
– compromise between size of fingers and portability
– integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols

• Loss of data
– higher probability (e
...
, defects, theft)

Mobile device: Performance and size

Mobile Devices: PDAs
• The main purpose of this device was to act as an
electronic organizer or day planner that is portable, easy
to use and capable of sharing information with your with
a computer systems
...

– These systems were capable of sharing information with a
computer system through a process or service known as
synchronization
...

• The use of infrared and Bluetooth connections enabled these
devices to always be synchronized
...

– They had a stylus and a touch sensitive screen for input and
output purposes
...

– These phones include high-resolution touch enabled screens,
– web browsers that can access and properly display standard web pages rather
than just mobile-optimized sites, and
– high-speed data access via Wi-Fi and high speed cellular broadband
...

– Such operating systems can be installed on many different phone models, and
typically each device can receive multiple OS software updates over its
lifetime
...

– They are often controlled by a pen or touch of a finger
...

– Examples would include; Ipads, Galaxy Tabs, Blackberry Playbooks etc
...

•They support mobile computing to a far
superior way and have enormous
processing horse power
...

•They have excellent screen resolution
and clarity
...


Section Four

MOBILE COMPUTING APPLICATION
SCENARIO

Wide Range of current and future
application Areas
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Vehicles
Nomadic user
Smart mobile phone
Invisible computing
Wearable computing
Intelligent house or office
Meeting room/conference
Taxi/Police/Fire squad fleet
Service worker
Disaster relief and Disaster
alarm
• Games
• Military / Security

Vehicles

 Sensors on vehicles

could provide
continuous data on
air and road
surface
temperature,
visibility,
precipitation, etc
...

and Communicating

Computing Becomes
Ubiquitous!

Intelligent (Smart) Objects
• Real world objects are
enriched with information
processing capabilities
• Embedded processors

– in everyday objects
– small, cheap, lightweight

• Communication capability

– wired or wireless
– spontaneous networking and
interaction

• Sensors and actuators

Intelligent (Smart) Objects
• Can remember pertinent events
– They have a memory

• Show context-sensitive behavior
– They may have sensors
– Location/situation/context
awareness

• Are responsive/proactive

– Communicate with environment
– Networked with other smart objects

Intelligent (Smart) Objects
• Bluetooth technology is an important step in getting components
that can be blended in a simpler, more understandable way
...

– These tags, which can be as small as a grain of sand, are already being
used as an alternative to barcodes in some supermarkets
...

– Once purchased, the same
chip could be read by a
fridge, which could order a
new carton over the
Internet before the old one
goes off
...
g
...
g
...
g
...
g
...

Challenges of wearable computing include:
•

Miniaturisation of pervasive devices

•

Weight minimisation of pervasive devices

•

Type/nature of device location on /in the human body

•

The development of safe, secure, and effective data communication
media

•

Providing different forms of engagement with wearable devices that
are hands-free

Wearable Computing - Smart Clothing
• Conductive textiles and inks

– print electrically active patterns directly
onto fabrics

• Sensors based on fabric

– e
...
, monitor pulse, blood pressure, body
temperature

• Invisible collar microphones

• Kidswear

– game console on the sleeve?
– integrated GPS-driven locators?
– integrated small cameras (to keep the
parents calm)?

Wearable Computing - Smart Glasses
“By 2009, computers will
disappear
...
e
...
Fixed
Networks
• Higher loss-rates due to interference
– emissions of, e
...
, engines, lightning

• Restrictive regulations of frequencies
– frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all
occupied

• Low transmission rates
– local some Mbit/s, regional currently, e
...
, 9
...


Limitations of Wireless Networks

• Limitations imposed by mobility

– Lack of mobility-awareness by applications
• inherently transparent programming model (object-, componentsoriented, but not aspect-oriented)
• lack of environment test and set API support

– Lack of mobility-awareness by the system
• network: existing transport protocols are inefficient to use across
heterogeneous mix of fixed/wireless networks
• session and presentation: inappropriate for the wireless environment
and for mobility
• operating systems: lack of env

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