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Exam 2 Study Guide
PSY 201 – General Psychology Online
Chapters 5-7

Chapter 5 – Learning
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Learning – What is it?
A relatively permanent change in behavior, or behavior potential, as a result of
experience
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He was researching how they salivate, when, and how often when
he discovered the learning theory
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Classical conditioning – What is it? Be able to identify each component in a scenario
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o Important terms:
 UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR
UCS/UCR- in respondent conditioning we begin with an unconditioned
stimulus (UCS) that elicits an unconditioned response (UCR)
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CS- a stimulus that elicits a conditioned response in an organism
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 Stimulus generalization versus stimulus discrimination
Stimulus generalization is responding in a like fashion to similar stimuli
while stimulus discrimination is responding only to a particular stimulus
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Only a single pairing of the food must occur before taste
aversion is learned
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o Important terms:
 Reinforcement
 Positive versus negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement is strengthening a behavior by adding
something pleasant to the environment of the organism and
negative is removing something unpleasant
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 Schedules of reinforcement (i
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, fixed interval, fixed ratio,
variable interval, and variable ratio)

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Fixed interval- a schedule of reinforcement in which the
organism is rewarded for the first desired response in an xth
interval of time
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Variable interval- a schedule of reinforcement in which the
organism is rewarded for the first desired response in an
average xth interval of time
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 Partial reinforcement Effect – What does it say?
Partial reinforcement is when a behavior is only reinforced some
of the time, this can cause the organism to be less likely to see
the lack of reinforcement as a sign that the contingency is no
longer operating
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e
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 Shaping – What is it? How does it work?
Using operant conditioning to build a new behavior in an organism by
rewarding successive approximations of the desired response
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It then leads to teach a
behavior step by step
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Insight Learning – What is it?
A sudden realization about how to solve a problem that occurs after an organism has
studied the problem for a period of time
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Chapter 6 – Memory
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What are the three basic processes of memory? Be able to identify each in a scenario
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Storing- when information is processed and stored into memory storage
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Levels of Processing Model of Memory – What does it say? Based on this model, how
should you study?
Information to sensory memory to short term memory to long term memory back to short
term memory
Information Processing Model of Memory – What does it say? How do computers fit into
this model?
Selective attention – What is it? What role does selective attention play in memory?

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What is chunking?
A means of using one’s limited short term memory resources more efficiently by
combining small bits of information to form larger bits of information, or chunks
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Semantic memory
Long term, declarative memory for conceptual information
Episodic memory
Memory for the recent events in our lives
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Retroactive versus proactive interference
Retroactive interference is a type of forgetting that occurs when newer memory traces
inhibit the retrieval of older memory traces and proactive is a type of forgetting that
occurs when older memory traces inhibit the retrieval of newer memory traces
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o Creative- our ability to use our knowledge of the world in novel situations
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Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence – How many dimensions did it have? (9)
Who designed the first intelligence test? (Binet)
IQ – What it is? How is it calculated? (mental age/chronological age X 100)
Standardization
The degree to which a test consists of a standard set of questions, procedures, and
scoring methods for all test takers
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Validity
The degree to which a test measures the trait that it was designed to measure
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