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ENGLISH GRAMMAR Reported Speech

REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH
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In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella
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Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations
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There is no comma after say in indirect speech
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But
it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc
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When we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are usually necessary
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First and second person pronouns and possessive adjectives normally change to the third person
except when the speaker is reporting his own words
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)
She said, “he’s my son”
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“I’m ill”, she said
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B
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1
She said, “She’s coming this week”
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This and that used as adjectives usually change to the
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
He said that he had bought the pearl/the pearls for his mother
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He came back with two knives and said, “I found these beside the king’s bed”
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He said, “We will discuss this tomorrow”
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EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH
A
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last week/year etc
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ago

INDIRECT SPEECH
that day
the day before
two days before
the next day/the following day
in two day’s time
the following week/year etc
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a year before/the previous year

“I saw her the day before yesterday”, he said
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“I’ll do it tomorrow”, he promised
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She said, “My father died a year ago”
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B
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 At breakfast this
morning he said that he would be very busy today
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here can become there but only when it is clear what place is meant:
At the station he said, “I’ll be here again tomorrow”
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Usually here has to be replaced by some phrase:
She said, “You can sit here, Tom”
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STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES NECESSARY
A
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This is usual when
we are:
a
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reading a letter and reporting what it says
c
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reporting a statement that someone makes very often, e
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Tom says that he’ll never get
married
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ANN (to Mary, who is standing beside her): Paul says he is trying to get
a taxi
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But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense
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The changes are shown in the following table
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Present Continuous
“I’m waiting for Ann”, he said
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Present Perfect Continuous
He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages”
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Future
He said, “I will/shall be in Paris on Monday”
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Conditional
I said, “I would like to see it”
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Past Continuous
= He said (that) he was waiting for Ann
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Past Perfect Continuous
= He said (that) he had been waiting for ages
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Conditional
= He said (that) he would be in Paris on Monday
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Conditional
= I said (that) I would like to see it
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Common sense, together
with the time aspect from the speaker’s point of view, are more important than the rules when
making the usual changes
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A
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tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, and adverbs of time and place change as in
statements
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the interrogative form of the verb changes to the affirmative form
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the question mark is omitted in indirect questions
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If the introductory verb is say, it must be changed to a verb of inquiry, e
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ask, wonder, want to
know etc
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C
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But wonder and want to know cannot take an indirect object, so if we wish to report a question
where the person addressed is mentioned, we must use ask
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D
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) the question
word is repeated in the indirect question:
He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”  He asked (her) why she hadn’t put on
the brake
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3
E
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COMMANDS, REQUESTS, ADVICE IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct command: He said, “Lie down, Tom”
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Indirect commands, requests, advice are usually expressed by a verb of command/request/advice + object
+ infinitive
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The following verbs can be used: advise, ask, beg, command, order, remind, tell, warn etc
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B
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are usually reported by not + infinitive:
“Don’t swim out too far, boys”, I said  I warned/told the boys not to swim out too far
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The exclamation mark disappears
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Exclamations beginning What (a)
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can be reported by:
- exclaim/say that:
He said, “What a dreadful idea!” or “How dreadful!”  He exclaimed that it
was a dreadful idea/was dreadful
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- if the exclamation is followed by an action we can use the construction with an
exclamation of delight/disgust etc
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+ verb
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Other types of exclamation such as Good! Marvellous! Splendid! Heavens! Oh! Ugh! etc
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 He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction
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 With an exclamation of
disgust she turned the programme off
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Note also:
He said, “Thank you!”  He thanked me
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He said, “Happy Christmas!”  He wished me a happy Christmas
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He said, “Liar!”  He called me a liar
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 He swore
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YES AND NO IN INDIRECT SPEECH
yes and no are expressed in indirect speech by subject + appropriate auxiliary verb
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He said, “Will you have time to do it?” and I said “Yes”  He asked if I would have
time to do it and I said that I would
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OFFERS
“Shall I bring you some tea?” could be reported He offered to bring me some tea
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SUGGESTIONS
“Shall we meet at the theatre? could be reported He suggested meeting at the
theatre
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Normally each requires its own introductory verb
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Do you?” he asked
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He said, “Someone is coming
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”  He said that someone was coming
and told me to get behind the screen
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MUST: after a past reporting verb, must does not usually change:
He said, “It must be pretty late, I really must go”
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had to is also possible in reported speech, but this is really the past of have to, not must
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I have an appointment in half an hour”  He said that he had to go
because he had an appointment in half an hour
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MODAL VERBS: Past modal verbs (could, might, ought to, should, used to, etc
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He said, “I might come”
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He said, “I would help him if I could”
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He said, “You needn’t wait”
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ENGLISH GRAMMAR Reported Speech
C
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He said, “If my children were older I would
that if his children were older he would emigrate
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

He

said

SAY AND TELL AS INTRODUCTORY VERBS
A
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1
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Tom said, “I’ve just heard the news”
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Inversion of say and noun subject is possible when say follows the statement
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say + to + person addressed is possible, but this phrase must follow the direct statement; it
cannot introduce it
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Inversion is not possible here
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tell requires the person addressed
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He told us
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Except with tell lies/stories/the truth/the time, when the person addressed need not to be
mentioned
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I’ll tell (you) a story
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Inversion is not possible with tell
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say and tell with indirect speech
Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object
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He said he’d just heard the news
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Note also tell
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He told us about crossing the mountains
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
- A
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Thomson and A
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Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, 1986
- R
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Murphy, English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press 1990
- M
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Coe, Grammar Spectrum 3, Oxford University Press, 1996

EXERCISES
STATEMENTS
1
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Report them, using says that
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Paul: “Atlanta is a wonderful city
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Ruth: “I go jogging every morning
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Anna: “Jenny isn’t studying for her exams
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Andrew: “I used to be very fat
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e
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” ______________________________________________________________

2
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Report them, using said
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“Mary works in a bank”, Jane said
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“I’m staying with some friends”, Jim said
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“I’ve never been to Russia”, Mike said
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“Tom can’t use a computer”, Ella said
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“Everybody must try to do their best”, Jill said
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“Jane may move to a new flat”, Rachel said
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“I’ll stay at home on Sunday”, Bill said
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Report what the guests said at a wedding last Sunday
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Miss Moore: “They’ll make a lovely couple
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Mr Smith: “They’re going to live in Brighton
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Mrs Jones: “The bride and the groom are very nice young people
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Mr Roberts: “The bride is wearing a beautiful wedding dress
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Mr Clarke: “The couple’s parents look happy
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Miss Mayall: “The bride’s father has bought them a big flat
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Change the following statements into the reported speech
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“I have something to show you”, I said to her
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“I’m going away tomorrow”, he said
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“I’ve been in London for a month but I haven’t had time to visit the Tower”, said Rupert
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“I’ll come with you as soon as I’m ready”, she replied
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“We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work”, they said
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“I must go to the dentist tomorrow”, he said
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“I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday and I am going to take it to the museum this
afternoon”, he said
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Write these sentences in indirect speech
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“I’m very tired”, she said
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“I’ll see them soon”, he said
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“I’m going to the cinema”, she said
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“I see the children quite often”, he said
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“I’m having a bath”, she said
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“I’ve already met their parents”, she said
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“I stayed in a hotel for a few weeks”, she said
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“I must go home to make dinner”, he said
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“I haven’t been waiting long”, she said
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“I’m listening to the radio”, he said
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“I’ll tell them the news on Saturday”, she said
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“I like swimming, dancing and playing tennis”, he said
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n
...

p
...

r
...

t
...
______________________________________________________________
“I walked home after the party”, he said
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_______________________________________________________
“I must go out to post a letter”, he said
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___________________________________________________
“I’m trying to listen to the music”, he said
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_________________________________________
“I can’t speak any foreign languages”, he said
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Write these sentences in indirect speech, changing words where necessary
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“I’ll see you tomorrow”, she said
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“I saw her today”, he said
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“I don’t like this film”, she said
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She said, “We went swimming today
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“I met her about three months ago”, he said
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“I’ll see Mary on Sunday”, she said
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“Pete and Sue are getting married tomorrow”, she said
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“Stephen’s bringing some records to the party tomorrow”, she said
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“I really like this furniture”, she said
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“My parents are arriving tomorrow”, she said
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“We visited her this morning” they said
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“We’ll see her next summer” they said
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“They were here three months ago”, he said
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“I’m meeting them at four o’clock today”, he said
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“I can see you tomorrow”, she said
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Report the police-officer’s questions to the shop owner
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What’s your name? _________________________________________________________________
b
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What were they wearing? ___________________________________________________________
d
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What did they take? ________________________________________________________________

f
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Write these sentences as reported questions using the words given
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“What’s your name?”, he asked
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“Do you like Marlon Brandon?”, she asked
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“How old are you?”, she said
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“When does the train leave?”, I asked
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“Are you enjoying yourself?”, he asked
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“How are you?”, he said
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“Does your father work here?”, she asked
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“Do you live near your father?”, he asked
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“Who did you see at the meeting?”, my mother asked
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“Why did you take my wallet?”, he asked
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“How did you get to school?”, she asked
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“Are you a foreigner?”, she asked
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“Where do you live?”, the boy asked
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“Have you met Danny before?”, he asked
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“Are you hungry?”, he asked
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“Why wasn’t Judy at the party?”, she asked
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“Why didn’t you telephone?”, my father asked
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“Did you borrow my dictionary?”, he asked
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“Why are you so late?”, the teacher asked
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“Have you finished your exams?”, she asked
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“Did you invite Judy and Mitch?”, he asked
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“Does your brother live in London?”, she asked
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“Why didn’t the police report the crime?”, the judge asked
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“Do you know who broke the window?”, he asked
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“Why you won’t let me in?”, he shouted
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Rewrite these sentences in reported speech
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“Make some coffee, Bob”, Carol said
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“You must do the homework soon, Jane”, she said
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“Remember to buy a map, Ann” he said
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“You should see a doctor, Mrs Clark”, he said
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“Keep all the windows closed, Bill” they said
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“Go home, Paul”, Francis said
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“Please stay for supper, Bob”, he said
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Report the following sentences
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“Don’t try to be funny
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“Wait here till I come
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“Go to bed and don’t get up till you’re called
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“Be a good girl and sit quietly for five minutes
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“Watch the milk and don’t let it boil over
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“Don’t take your coat off
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“Don’t forget to thank Mrs Jones when you’re saying good bye to her
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“Stop that dog
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Write the sentences in reported speech using the words given
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“Sit down, Mary
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“Would you pass my suitcase?” (he asked)
_________________________________________________________________________________
c
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” (the children’s mother warned)
_________________________________________________________________________________
d
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” (Tim’s father told)
_________________________________________________________________________________
e
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” (the librarian told)

_________________________________________________________________________________
f
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” (the inspector told us)
_________________________________________________________________________________
SAY AND TELL
12
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a
...

b
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I _______________________ them I wasn’t happy with their work
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She smiled and _______________________ to me, “I’m very pleased to meet you
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She _______________________ me a story about her parents
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He _______________________, “Are you feeling OK?”
g
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What did he _______________________?
h
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They _______________________ me they were going to a meeting
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I _______________________ the police my address
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I _______________________ I wanted to buy a magazine
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He _______________________ he wasn’t interested in politics
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Could you _______________________ me your name again?
n
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Would you _______________________ him to come early tomorrow?
p
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q
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r
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_______________________ me what happened
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I think he is _______________________ lies
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The policeman _______________________ the man was lying
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Philip _______________________ it would probably rain tomorrow
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Susan _______________________, “Let’s go out for dinner tonight
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Jim _______________________ me about the party last night
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Our teacher _______________________ he was pleased with our work
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Stop _______________________ lies!
OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS
13
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a
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”
He promised to bring his CDs to the party
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“Let’s go to the cinema tonight, shall we?
She suggested _____________________________________________________________________
c
...
”
He admitted ______________________________________________________________________
d
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”
She warned us _____________________________________________________________________
e
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”
My father insisted (on) ______________________________________________________________
f
...
”
My friend agreed ___________________________________________________________________



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