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Genes
Sections of DNA
Codon
the sequence of three bases in a gene, which
codes for an amino acid
Anticodon
the sequence of three bases in a gene, at the
opposite end to the codon
Genetic code
the sequence of codons in mRNA
Mutations
changes to the base sequence of DNA
Silent mutation
when a substitution of a base still codes for
the same amino acid as the orginal base
Nonsense mutation
when a substitution of a base occurs, leading
to a premature stop codon being coded for
Missense mutation
when a change in a base leads to a different
amino acid being coded for
Deletion
when one base is deleted
Substitution
when one base is substituted with another
Mutagenic agents
increase the rate of mutation
Genetic disorders
inherited disorders caused by abnormal
genes or chromosomes
Acquired mutations
mutations that occur in individual cells after
fertilisation
Stem cells
unspecialised cells that can develop into
other types of specialised cells
Totipotent cells
stem cells that can mature into any type of
body cell in an organism
Multipotent cells
stem cells that can only develop into a
specified cell
Tissue culture
growing plant tissue artificially
Stimulus
a change in the internal or external
environment
Receptors
detect stimuli, and are specific to one tupe
Effectors
Neurone
a complex network of cells
Sensory neurones
transmit electrical impulses from receptors to
the central nervous system
Motor neurones
transmit electrical impulses from the central
nervous system to effectors
Relay neurones
transmit electrical impulses between sensory
neurones and motor neurones
Gland
a group of cells that are specialised to
secrete a useful substance
Hormones
chemical messengers
Resting state
when a receptor is not being stimulated
Generator potential
the change in potential difference as a result
of a stimulus
Action potenital
an electrical impulse along a neuron
Pacinian corpusces
pressure receptors in the skin
Mechanoreceptors
detect mechanical stimuli
Photoreceptors
light receptors found in the eye
Fovea
an area of the retina where there are multiple
photoreceptors
Optic nerve
a bundle of neurones
Bipolar neurones
connect photoreceptors to the optic nerve
Polarised
when there’s a difference in charge
cells that bring about a response to a
stimulus to produce an effect