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Title: Human Digestion Notes
Description: Human Digestion notes including nutrition processes, parts of the digestive system, roles, and methods of digestion of various food types by enzymes,
Description: Human Digestion notes including nutrition processes, parts of the digestive system, roles, and methods of digestion of various food types by enzymes,
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Digestion Notes
Nutrition Processes
●
Ingestion Food taken into the body
...
Energy is obtained through
digestion
...
In the mouth, chewing by the teeth and in the stomach, the
continual contractions and relaxations of the muscles that causes the churning action
breaks up the food particles
...
o
Chemical Digestion Breaking down of large molecules into smaller soluble substances,
involving hydrolytic reactions catalysed by digestive enzymes
...
●
Assimilation Some of the absorbed food substances are converted into new protoplasm or used
to provide energy
...
The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and the organs (liver and pancreas)
...
The secretion of
saliva
helps to produce a
bolus which can be swallowed into
the
oesophagus
to pass down into the
stomach
...
Digestion is helped by the astication
m
of food
by the teeth and also by the muscular contractions of
peristalsis astric juice
...
Peristalsis is the rhythmic
contraction of uscles
m
that starts along the wall of the stomach
...
Most of the
digestion of food takes place in the small intestine
...
The waste products of digestion are
defecated
from
the
anus via the
rectum
...
Digestion starts when the teeth cut and grind the food into smaller pieces,
increasing the surface area to volume ratio of the food so enzymes can act on it more efficiently
...
Saliva is a watery substance
...
5%
water,
while the other 0
...
Amylase found in saliva is essential in beginning the process of
digestion of dietary starches to maltose
...
These enzymes also play a
role in breaking down food particles entrapped within dental crevices, protecting teeth from
bacterial decay
...
The food is then rolled by the tongue into small, spherical
masses called bolus, which is swallowed and go to the oesophagus, pushed down by
peristalsis
...
●
Pharynx The pharynx connects the buccal cavity to the oesophagus and the larynx
...
The larynx has a slitlike opening called the glottis
...
Both food and air must pass through the pharynx when they
enter the body, with food going through the oesophagus and air passing through the trachea
...
There are outer longitudinal smooth muscles and inner circular smooth muscles
...
The oesophagus passes through the thorax and the
diaphragm to join the stomach
...
During
swallowing
, food passes into the oesophagus and travels via
peristalsis
and partially gravity, to the stomach
...
It enables food to
be mixed with the digestive juices and pushes the food down the gut
...
When one
muscle contracts, the other relaxes
...
When the opposite happens, the wall dilates (widens), widening the lumen and
food can enter
...
When food enters the stomach,
it stimulates the glands to secrete gastric juice through many pits in the stomach
...
Peristalsis also mixes the food with gastric juices
...
The hydrochloric acid stops the action of salivary
amylase by denaturing it
...
Pepsin digests proteins to
polypeptides (incomplete digestion)
...
This is necessary because milk proteins are
soluble and would pass through the duodenum as easily as water and would not be digested by
pepsin
...
Food
remains in the stomach for about 3 to 4 hours, after it became a liquefied state (although it is
only partially digested)
...
The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that connects the
stomach to the small intestine
...
When
the ring contracts, the entrance closes
...
It contains of the Ushaped duodenum, jejunum and the coiled
ileum
...
When chyme enters the small intestine, it stimulates
the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice, the epithelial cells produce the enzymes maltase,
peptidases and lipase and the gall bladder to release bile
...
This neutralizes the acidic chyme and provides suitable conditions for enzymes
in the small intestine
...
Bile does not contain
enzymes so it cannot digest food but it helps speed up fat digestion
...
Lactose
present is digested by lactase to form glucose and galactose
...
Endproducts of
starch digestion simple sugars (glucose, fructose and galactose)
...
▪
Protein digestion Starts in the stomach and continues in the small intestine
...
The remaining undigested proteins would be acted upon by trypsin to form
polypeptides in the small intestine
...
Endproduct of protein digestion amino acids
...
▪
Fats digestion Starts in the small intestine
...
Bile is a greenishyellow liquid, which contains bile salts and
pigments but has no enzymes
...
The
bile is released via the bile duct into the small intestine
...
Lipase is part of
pancreatic juice
...
The
glycerol, being soluble in water, diffuses into the epithelium of the small
intestine
...
The soaps and glycerol then combine to form minute
fat globules which enter the blood capillaries
...
Water,
dissolved mineral salts and vitamins also pass into the walls of the small intestine
...
Glucose and amino acids are absorbed by
diffusion into the capillaries of the villi and by active transport when there is a lower
concentration of food in the lumen of the small intestine than in the blood capillaries
...
▪
Factors affecting absorption efficiency
●
Surface area to volume ratio The larger the surface area to volume
ratio of the small intestine, the more efficient is absorption of food
substances
...
Each villus is approximately 0
...
6mm in length
(one cell thick) and has many microvilli, which together form the
striated border), each of which are much smaller than a single villus
...
The villi are connected to the blood vessels so the circulating
blood then carries these nutrients away
...
●
Membrane separating food substances from the blood capillaries Thin
membrane allows digested food to pass through faster
...
The small intestine is long to provide sufficient time for absorption
...
5 meters long
...
It also
get rids of most of the bacteria in the undigested food
...
The caecum is a saclike structure
...
Both of these have no specific function
...
Only food that cannot be digested, reaches the large intestine,
e
...
cellulose
...
Faeces are stored
temporarily in the rectum
...
The main function of the colon is to absorb water and
mineral salts from the undigested food material
...
It lies below the diaphragm in the
abdominalpelvic region of the abdomen
...
▪
Bile production It produces
bile, an alkaline compound which aids
in
digestion
via the
emulsification
of lipids
...
▪
Iron storage The red blood cells become worn out after some time and as they
do not have nuclei, they are destroyed in the spleen, a gland found near the
liver
...
▪
Protein synthesis The liver synthesizes proteins found in blood plasma from
amino acids in the diet
...
▪
Deamination of amino acids Excess amino acids are transported here, which
are deaminated (amino groups removed from amino acids and converted to
urea)
...
Any excess glucose is converted into glycogen
...
The
process of converting harmful substances into harmless ones is known as
detoxification
...
Liver contains an enzyme
called alcohol dehydrogenase
...
▪
Regulation of blood levels of amino acids, which form the building blocks of
proteins
...
●
Gall Bladder Bile is temporarily stored here
...
When the gall bladder contracts, the bile flows into the duodenum via the bile duct
...
The bile
duct joins the pancreatic duct just before it opens into the duodenum
...
The pancreas also secretes the hormones
insulin and glucagon, which play an important role in controlling glucose concentration in the
blood and carbohydrate metabolism
...
The blood capillaries unite to form
larger blood vessels, which unite to form the hepatic portal vein, which transports the nutrients to the
liver
...
Some glucose
is transported by the blood leaving the liver and is distributed around the body
...
Excess glucose is returned to the liver and is stored as glycogen using insulin
...
Amino acids are converted into new protoplasm, which is used for
growth and repair of wornout body cells
...
Excess amino acids
are deaminated in the liver
...
The lymphatic capillaries join
to form lymphatic vessels, which discharge fats into the blood stream
...
Fats are not broken down if there is enough glucose in the body
...
When glucose is low, fats are broken down to provide energy needed for vital activities of
the body
...
Title: Human Digestion Notes
Description: Human Digestion notes including nutrition processes, parts of the digestive system, roles, and methods of digestion of various food types by enzymes,
Description: Human Digestion notes including nutrition processes, parts of the digestive system, roles, and methods of digestion of various food types by enzymes,