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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 Functions of the Endocrine System
 Controls water equilibrium
o Water equilibrium:
 Regulating solute concentration of the blood
 Controls the growth of many tissues (bone and muscle)
o Growth,
 Degree of metabolism of various tissues which aids
metabolism, and
 Maintenance of the normal body temperature
tissue maturation:
 Normal mental functions
 Maturation of tissues appears in the development of adult
features and adult behavior
 Determined by the endocrine system
 Assist in managing the heart rate and blood pressure
o Heart rate and
 Aids in preparing the body for physical motion
blood pressure
management:
 Helps regulate the production and functions of immune cells
o Immune system
control:
 Regulates the development and the functions of the
o Reproductive
reproductive systems in males and females
function controls:
 Controls urine contractions throughout the delivery of the
o Uterine
newborn
contractions and
 Stimulates milk release from the breast in lactating females
milk release:
 Regulates 𝑵𝒂+ , 𝑲+ , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪𝒂𝟐+ concentrations in the blood
...

 Chemical substances that are secreted by endocrine cells into
 Hormones:
the extracellular fluids
 Regulate metabolic activity
 Amino acid-based molecules (steroids)
 Classification:
 Proteins
 Peptides
 Amines
 Made from cholesterol
 Steroid hormones:
 Include sex hormones (gonads)
 Hormones (adrenal cortex)
 All the others are nonsteroid amino acid derivatives
 Amino acid-based
hormones:
 Mechanism of Hormone Action
o Blood-borne hormones circulate to all organs of the body
o Given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs
 Specific protein receptors must be present on its plasma membrane
 Target
 Only when binding occurs can the hormone influence the working of
cells:
cells
 By altering cellular activity
 The
 ↑ or ↓ the rate of a normal or usual metabolic process rather than
function of
stimulating a new one
hormones:
1
...
Synthesis of protein (such as enzymes) in the cell
...
Activation or inactivation of enzymes
binding:
4
...
Promotion of secretory activity
 Control of Hormone Release
 The chief means of regulating blood levels of nearly all
 Negative
hormones
feedback
mechanisms:
 Activate the endocrine organs fall into 3 major categories:
 Endocrine gland
stimuli:
 Hormonal
 Humoral
 Neural
 Most common stimulus
 Hormonal
 Endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones
stimuli:
 Changes blood levels of certain ions
 Humoral stimuli:
 Nutrients may also stimulate hormone release



Neural stimuli:

 Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release and the target cells
are said to respond to neural stimuli



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