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Technique

Type of radiation

Risk to patient and
potential side effects

Risk to operator and
potential side effects

Risk mitigation
measures

X-rays/CT scans Radiation is used in
X rays and CT scans are Patients and medical Decreasing the amount of

radiation used and
generating the images the primary forms of staff face a risk of
of the body in both CT identifying, though, in developing cancer and limiting the number of X
other health issues due, rays taken
...
The
consideration of the
imaging methods use X dangers and negative to exposure to radiation operators with
from X rays
...
instructions, on how to
rays which are a type of consequences
radiation that is
attributed to radiation Prolonged exposure to correctly operate devices
levels of radiation can that emit radiation
...
retina well as skin
aprons and thyroid
decelerated forming Radiation from CT scans problems like irritation protection for the safety
waves
...
Increased of patients and staff
...
X cancer development
...

it in visualization of the rays and CT scans also Safety measures such as Ensuring that CT and X
inside structures of the have potential problems using thyroid protection ray machines are
and hazards such as
body
...
One
implemented during level of radiation
...
Implementing
treatment, far outweigh professionals
...

outweigh the minor
radiation exposure, for

radiation related risks patients and staff
...
and operators on the
advantages and risks

associated with these
procedures
...

electron gain or loss
...
Despite
that both the patient and
taking precautions to the operator are well
minimize exposure they trained and informed
may still come into

This process triggers effects are usually mild
...
Due, to the potential risks, benefits
harm cancer cells and medication or other
high nature of their
and safety measures
...
The therapies
...
or psychological stress
...

speeds
...

Gamma
imaging


Exposure, to radiation Using the kind of
Ionizing radiation, such, In gamma imaging a
as gamma radiation is specialized camera is poses a risk for
protection to safeguard
known to be a type of utilized for purposes to operators conducting both the patient and the
radiation that can harm detect gamma radiation gamma imaging
medical team, from
cells in the body
...
The
radiation exposure is a
Gamma radiation gets injected into a patient’s chances of developing strategy in minimizing
its name from the
body
...
Wearing gear
when ions from a
used in procedures, like due to this exposure
...
This function and locating operators should
the harm from radiation
form of radiation is
cancer cells
...
It's also
called gamma because primary concern
essential to ensure that
taking necessary
of its energy levels and associated with gamma
all supplies and
precautions, such as
short wavelengths
...
In checked for any defects
advanced medical
issues
...
Any faulty
may experience a
imaging techniques that and individuals with
supplies or equipment
reaction to the
can provide detailed radiation exposure
could lead to radiation
radioactive isotopes
views of internal
levels, such as those in
doses or other
utilized in the imaging unforeseen risks
...
To prevent this, important measure to
penetrating deeply into professions are
the body
...
Physicians operators to inform the gamma imaging is
carefully weigh the pros professional about any screening and
and cons of utilizing
assessment of patients
known allergies or
gamma imaging, for
sensitivities beforehand
...
This
diagnosing and treating
involves gathering the

conditions since the
The common adverse patient’s history
benefits often outweigh effect observed in
conducting necessary
the risks
...
determining if they are
suitable candidates, for
Symptoms, like
breathing difficulties, the procedure
...
However, procedure well and
minimize the chances of
these reactions are
any reactions or
usually mild
...

effectively treated
...

MRI, short, for
One crucial measure, for
The chance of
Operating an MRI
Magnetic Resonance experiencing side
machine comes with MRI safety is making sure
Imaging utilizes fields, effects from an MRI is risks, such, as dealing that safety measures are
typically very low
...

others might become
metal objects in the
tissues
...

staff members are well
the scanner
...

prepared for conducting
patients may also sense concern of exposure, to
Of radiation the MRI
MRIs and patients receive
heat or vibrations while noises and the rare but
scanner employs
information and guidance
undergoing the scan
...
and benefits
...

also vital, for MRI safety
...
If the protocols and guidelines This involves obtaining a
history performing any
radiologist or technician to reduce these
necessary physical exams
is informed about any dangers
...

patient’s suitability for
Additionally, some
the procedure as well as
patients may require
evaluating their overall
anaesthesia or sedation
health condition
...


Ultrasound

steps are necessary to
ensure the patients
readiness for the
procedure and minimize
any risks or
complications
...
of risks and factors to implemented to make
energy needed to ionize But ultrasound is
consider during
sure that all staff
atoms
...
One
equipped to perform
produce images of the in the area where the potential hazard, for
ultrasound examinations
body
...
A computer pressure
...
Adequate
to see images of the
during the scan
...

Moreover a few
periods
...
This involves
but does not carry any between the ultrasound take breaks as necessary obtaining a history
risks
...
It is during procedures
...
It's essential some instances,
physical assessments and
feel uneasy in the
to note that ultrasound operators may also
necessary tests to
region where the
is an invasive and non- experience muscle or determine the suitability
ultrasound machine
ionizing procedure
joint discomfort due to of the patient for the
exerts pressure
...
The involved in the
assessing their overall
advantages of using
procedure
...
This
ultrasound are more, issues operators should process is crucial to
than the drawbacks
follow guidelines and ensure the patients
associated with this
take necessary
ability to undergo the
method
...

minimize the likelihood of
any effects or reactions
...


Laser

Some lasers emit
Using laser therapy
One issue that
It is important to follow
radiation in the form of means utilizing a beam operators of laser
safety protocols to
light
...

radiation that is invisible conditions
...
Although measures are compulsory
as ultraviolet or infrared risks and side effects to most medical lasers
to ensure all staff
radiation
...
Skin irritation have safety measures in members are equipped
laser radiation is not in or discomfort, for those place to reduce this risk to deliver laser therapy
itself harmful, and
with skin is one possible there is still a chance treatments while patients
behaves much like
concern
...
This
procedure
...
Lasers are
type and specific
exposure could result in preparing patients is
classified based on the conditions can lead to damage to the eyes or another risk reduction
range of light they emit, burns or other skin
skin irritation
...
In instances
important for operators involving a review of their
light
...
minimize this risk
...

might develop a
assessing their overall
reaction, to any
health status
...
Before going
through the procedure
its recommended that
individuals let their
healthcare provider
know about any
allergies or sensitivities,
they may have to avoid
any issues
...
For ionizing
radiation procedures SOPs may detail the execution of the procedure necessary precautions
and measures to safeguard both the patient and the operator from radiation exposure
...


Dosimeters:
Dosimeters are gadgets utilized to gauge the extent of radiation a patient or healthcare
provider has encountered
...
This data helps ensure that individuals are not exposed to levels of radiation and can
also guide decisions on whether to proceed with a procedure or implement safety
precautions
...
It
emphasizes that radiation exposure should be minimized to the extent considering the
medical advantages of the procedure and the risks linked to exposure
...


Hospitals use health and safety measures to protect patients and operators when using
non ionising radiations:
1
...
These protocols detail the safety
measures that operators and patients need to follow to guarantee an exposure, to ionizing
radiation
...
Dosimetry and monitoring; Dosimeters are tools that measure the exposure to ionizing
radiation and keep records of the amount of radiation received by individuals
...

3
...

4
...

5
...


what HSE are and why they are so important for ionising and non-ionising radiation safety

HSE stands for Health, Safety and Environment which's crucial, for maintaining safety when
dealing with ionizing radiation
...
Ionizing radiation can lead to
cell damage, genetic mutations and even fatalities
...
The significance of HSE in ionizing radiation safety lies in aspects
...
Secondly these

protocols guarantee that both staff and patients receive training on the use of ionizing
radiation equipment and proper waste disposal practices during imaging procedures
...


The IIR 2017 provides guidelines, for the proper utilization of ionizing radiation in medical
imaging processes
...
An important recommendation within the IIR 2017 is to advocate for Health,
Safety and Environment (HSE) principles
...

Key components of HSE principles involve training personnel maintaining imaging equipment
properly and implementing effective protocols for radiation control and safety measures
...
Adhering to these guidelines outlined in the IIR
2017 including promoting HSE principles and employing ALARA techniques can help
hospitals ensure the use of ionizing radiation, in medical imaging procedures to prioritize
safety and health
...
Although
it is generally considered harmful than ionizing radiation nonionizing radiation can pose
health risks if not handled properly or when exposure levels are high
...
Side effects may also manifest as headaches, nausea
or allergic reactions
...
Moreover, nonionizing radiation can introduce distortions or
inaccuracies in imaging procedures
...
Following these recommendations can reduce the dangers linked to the
utilization of ionizing radiation, in settings while optimizing its benefits
...
This type of radiation is
frequently employed in healthcare for procedures, like radiation therapy and diagnostic
scans
...
These risks include a chance of
developing cancer, heart issues and birth defects
...
One drawback of using
ionizing radiation in settings is the potential for exposure to others, especially medical staff
...
To ensure the safety of both operators and patients’ hospitals and
healthcare facilities should establish rules and procedures for maintaining equipment
providing thorough training for staff members and implementing protective measures like
shielding and secure storage practices
...


Health and safety risks

Ionizing
Non-ionizing
One of the health dangers
Nonionizing radiation, like
linked to ionizing radiation is microwaves and radio
the harm it can inflict on the frequencies can cause tissue
DNA, within cells
...
The level of heating
mutations that may lead to depends on how intense and
cancer, congenital disabilities long the exposures
...
Certain
forms of ionizing radiation like Another possible health effect
gamma rays and X rays can of ionizing radiation is the
also harm cells and tissues
potential link to cancer
...

proven ongoing research is

exploring the connection
Furthermore, ionizing
between types of ionizing
radiation can cause
radiation and an increased risk
permanent harm to the
of cancer
...
This is due to studied for their cancer risks
...
result in other health issues

such as headaches, fatigue
The risks associated with
and insomnia
...

emergencies such as accidents While nonionizing radiation
or attacks involving radiation
...
exposure time to minimize

risks
...


Side effects and limitations The effects of ionizing
Nonionizing radiation is a form
radiation can lead to
of radiation that lacks the
outcomes
...
Although
1
...
Make your skin red
...
Thyroid Cancer Risk; Getting exposure to it
...
Skin burns
...
microwaves or radio
3
...
The severity of these
marrow function leading to burns depends on the
blood cell production and
intensity and duration of
possibly causing anaemia
...

4
...
Heat stress
...

dehydration, heat exhaustion
5
...

to ionizing radiation might
3
...
Prolonged
affect well-being potentially exposure to intensity ionizing
triggering conditions such, as radiation can harm the eyes
depression, anxiety and post- leading to vision problems,
traumatic stress disorder
...

Additionally, there are

limitations associated with
Moreover, it is essential to
ionizing radiation
...



1
...
Ensuring the safety of
radiation poses health risks patients is crucial
...

provider to guarantee its safe
2
...
Misuse of ionizing
with situations involving
radiation can lead to dangers,
exposure to ionizing radiation for both patients and
presents safety hazards
...


Additionally nonionizing
radiation may not always be

Exposure to varying levels of effective for every condition
radiation could result in skin or individual patient in
burns and organ damage
treating specific types of
while prolonged exposure at cancer or targeting certain
levels could increase the risk areas of the body
...
One
effects like skin irritation,
drawback of ionizing radiation itching and discomfort can
is its nature, which may limit occur in some patients
access for individuals living in exposed to ionizing radiation
regions or facing constraints
...

allergies
...
Furthermore availability in certain
therapies, like chemotherapy healthcare settings
...

regarding the use of ionizing

radiation on patients or, in
Various considerations need specific circumstances
...
For
instance, children and
expectant mothers may face
risks from exposure
...

A patient experiences pain during her cancer treatment
...

(0
...
12x4) +(0
...
12x2)
=1
...
A dose of 10mSV was given to his brain,
6mSV to his thyroid and 2mSV to his other tissues
...
01x10) +(0
...
12x2)
=0
...
Consequently, the hospital opted to postpone all MRI scans
...
First provide training to
staff on the use of MRI machines and the risks associated with magnetic fields
...
Use metal detectors and other screening tools to confirm
the absence of metal objects before allowing any patients or staff into the MRI room
...
Regularly check for any damage or issues with the
MRI machine that could compromise safety
...
Ensure an environment, for both patients and
medical professionals
...
The circumstances surrounding this event remain unclear sparking discussions
among experts, on how to enhance MRI safety measures
...

Prevention:
Hospitals must make sure that both patients and staff understand the rules and procedures,
for handling metal objects near MRI machines
...
Hospitals could
introduce screening measures like metal detectors or handheld wands to spot any metal
items preventing firearms, knives or other metal objects from entering the MRI room or
coming close to the machine
...

This ensures that everyone on the team is informed about the regulations and takes
responsibility for enforcing them
...
Education and training initiatives can be
provided by hospitals to educate both staff and patients about following safety protocols
fostering a safety environment within the hospital while ensuring everyone knows their
role, in maintaining safety
...
A significant
portion of these cases occurred because hospital staff directed the individual for scanning
often stemming from doctors incorrectly labelling patient identification stickers on x ray
requests
...
Additionally,
there were mishaps in radiotherapy and nuclear medicine treatments or planning processes
that led to mistakes
...

Prevention:
Hospitals can take steps to prevent incidents, in the future
...
It is essential to establish protocols for identification
especially in radiological procedures with clear instructions and training for staff members
...
Creating a culture of transparency and open
communication is crucial where staff are encouraged to report errors and management
takes actions seriously
...


Case study 2:
What happened:
A recent examination of X ray results, at hospitals in Portsmouth, UK revealed 27 instances
where cancers were missed leading to harm for three patients and the unfortunate deaths
of two others
...
This decision was
made to prioritize tasks over expert evaluations of X rays
...

Determined that the risk, to patients was minimal
...
Offering
training and education to employees in high-risk areas where diagnostic errors may occur to
enhance their knowledge and skills
...
Supporting the adoption of
technology and equipment, like imaging systems and AI driven solutions for image
processing and analysis
...





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