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Class 12 – Biology
Chapter 4 - Reproductive Health
Reproductive Health: The complete well-being with respect to all aspects of
reproduction like physical, emotional, behavioral, and social
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(ii) Reproductive and Child Health Care (RCH) Programs are being introduced in
order to create awareness among people about various reproduction-related aspects
and in building a reproductively healthy society by providing facilities and support
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Use of audio-visual and media print by both the governmental and nongovernmental agencies to create awareness programs
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Young adults and children must be provided with correct information by the
responsible adults, teachers, parents, close relatives, and friends along with the open
dialogues to make them aware of reproductive health
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Sex education needs to be introduced in schools and colleges
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Awareness must be created about Sexually Transmitted Diseases or STDs
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There is a need to educate the people about birth control options, pre ad post-natal
care along with the importance of child care especially for fertile couples and
marriageable individuals
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Certain factors need to be under check in order to decrease the rate of maternal and
infant mortality, these factors are:
(i) Awareness must be created related to matters of sex
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(iii) Better post-natal care
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(ii) Early detection and cure for STDs
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This will also result
in an increase in the life expectancy of humans
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Causes:
(i) The rapid decrease in the death rate
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(iii) The rapid decrease in the infant mortality rate (IMR)
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(v) The increase in the number of people belonging to the reproducible age
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(ii) Promoting the use of contraceptive methods
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(iv) Appreciative measures towards couples with smaller families
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(ii) Should be available easily
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(iv) Side effects must be absent or minimum
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(vi) Should not affect the desire, sexual drive, or act of the individual
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Natural or Traditional
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Intra-uterine devices (IUDs)
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Injectable and implants
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Natural Methods:
It is based on principles related to avoiding the fusion of the sperms and the egg
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Therefore,
refraining from coitus during this period will result in a decrease in the chances of
pregnancy
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Thus,
preventing the release of semen in the vagina which results in the prevention of
insemination
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During this period there will be no
ovulation and this results in the decreased chances of pregnancy
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In the case of natural barriers, there is no use of chemicals leading to no side effects
although its success rate is limited and the chances of failure are also high
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(i) Condoms: They are the physical barriers that are made up of thin rubber or latex
sheath that cover the penis in males while in the case of females they cover the the
cervix
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(iii) The condoms are useful in preventing the transfer of STDs as stop the meeting
of genital fluids of both the partners
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(v) To increase the efficiency of these barriers various foams, gels, and spermicidal
creams are used along with these barriers
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Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs):
They are those devices that are inserted into the uterus of the females through the
vagina with the help of either the doctors or expert nurses
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(ii) Copper releasing IUDs like Copper-T, Copper-7, Multiload 375 that results in a
decreased rate of sperms motility
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These devices are ideal contraceptives and the most widely used method of
contraception for the females in order to maintain the family planning
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Oral Contraceptives:
This method includes the usage of pills that are the combination of oral
administration of progestogens or progesterone-estrogen
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There is a development of newer pills called Saheli that are taken
once a week and are non-steroidal pills with very few side effects and help in
preventing ovulation and implantation and make the cervix hostile towards the
sperms
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Injectable and implants:
There are certain implants or injections that can also be taken by the females under
the skin
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They work almost similar to the pills but continue
their effect for a longer time period
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Surgical Methods:
This method includes the interference of surgery in blocking the movement of
gametes leading to failed conception
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In the case of males,
sterilization is called vasectomy while it is called tubectomy in the case of the
females
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(ii) Tubectomy: Here, the fallopian tubes of the female reproductive system are cut
with the help of a small incision in the abdomen or the vagina and then tied up
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The need for contraceptive methods is to help in checking the population explosion
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Though MTP is used for the purpose of decreasing the population growth, it
sometimes plays a major role in decreasing population
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Why MTP?
(i) To prevent unwanted pregnancies
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In the first trimester of pregnancy, MTPs are safe
while during the second trimester they become riskier
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Also, the use of amniocentesis or other methods for teh
determination of pre-natal sex will results in female foeticide due to the preference
of a male child over a female child is very high
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4: Sexually Transmitted Diseases:
Those diseases or infections that are transmitted through sexual activities and
intercourse and are responsible for infecting the reproductive tract of a person are
called sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or venereal diseases (VD) or reproductive
tract infections (RTI)
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The most dangerous STDs among teh above mentioned are HIV infection
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It can also be transmitted through transfusion of blood from an
infected person to another, or even in the developing fetus if the mother is suffering
from STDs
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Some common symptoms for STDs include itching, slight pain, fluid discharge,
swellings, etc
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STDs act as a barrier to achieving a healthy society
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Steps to prevent STDs:
(i) To avoid sex with strangers/multiple partners
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(iii) If a slight irritation is observed contact an expert or a qualified doctor for early
detection of disease and get treatment on time
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5: Infertility:
The inability to produce children even after the process of unprotected coitus is
called infertility
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It is noticed that in the society mainly women are blamed for being childless but the
problem can be in either of the male or the female
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(i) In-vitro Fertilisation (IVF): The process involves the method of fusion of gametes
outside the body mainly in the laboratories where the conditions that are similar to
teh body are maintained
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(ii) Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT): In this process, the transfer of zygote or
early embryo (up to 8 blastomeres) into the fallopian tube of the female is performed
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(iv) Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT): This process involves the collection of
the ovum from the donor female and is then introduced into the other female who
cannot produce the ovum but the internal body conditions are suitable for the process
of fertilization and embryo development
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(vi) Artificial insemination (AI) technique: This technique involves the collection
of semen that consists of sperm from either the husband or a healthy male donor and
is then injected into either the vagina or the uterus (IUI – intra-uterine insemination)
of the female body
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Another good option for teh couples who desire children is a legal adoption
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