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Deadline 06/03/2023
The digestive system
Mouth The digestion begins in the mouth
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Chemical digestion happens in the mouth when the
chewed food is broken down from carbohydrates into glucose by the amylase in the
saliva
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No digestion
happens here, it's just about a 25 cm long tube that connects mouth with stomach
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The hydrochloric acid, pepsin and lipase chemically break down the food
and mix it with all the gastric juices to make chyme
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Liver produces an alkaline solution called bile
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Gallbladder stores the bile before it is released into the duodenum
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Pancreas Production of lipase, protease and carbohydrase, which are digestive
enzymes
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The liver, gallbladder and
pancreas do not actively digest, they are all attached to the small intestine
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Fat
absorption happens here
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Ileum absorption of bile and vitamin B12
Large intestine is responsible for processing waste, so emptying the bowl is easier
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Goblet cells secrete mucus, to protect the colon from acid and gasses
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The colon absorbs water from undigested food
and passes the waste to the rectum
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When
the rectum wall stretches, we can feel that we have to empty the bowl
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Deadline 06/03/2023
Nutrients deficiency
Anaemia occurs when the level of iron in your blood is too low and not enough red
blood cells are produced
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The most common cause for anaemia is not
having enough iron which is needed to make haemoglobin
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But anaemia can be fixed by taking iron supplements
or by changing your diet and having more iron rich foods
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Taking large amounts of coffee, tea, dairy or
whole grain which has large amounts of phytic acid, can make it harder for the body
to absorb iron
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The
calcium in your body helps keep healthy teeth and bones
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A lack of
calcium could lead to rickets in children
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Tiredness, itching, depression and anxiety
could also be related to a calcium deficiency
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500g
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The risk gets higher, when you eat very little, smoke or
have a long term dependency on drugs or/and alcohol
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Vitamin C deficiency can be fixed by taking
supplements, or eating vitamin C rich food like citrus fruits, bell peppers, tomatoes
or strawberries
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The recommended amount for vitamin C is 1000 mg a day
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Equipment
● 4 Test tubes
● Test tube rack
● 4 pipettes
● Water Bath
● Iodine
● Biuret solution
● Benedict's solution
● Ethanol
● Distilled water

Deadline 06/03/2023

Health and safety
For health and safety we have to wear a lab coat to protect from chemicals and
gloves
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Methode
Testing for starch: add 5 ml of starch solution into one
test tube with a few drops of iodine
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Testing for Protein: add ml of milk to your test tube
after that put in a few drops of biuret solution and note
the colour
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Testing for glucose: add 5 ml of the glucose solution
into a test tube and mix with a few drops of benedict's
solution
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Testing for fat: add 5 ml of oil into the test tube and mix it with distilled water and
add a bit of ethanol
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Result
As we tested for glucose the colour results in
being orange - red because of the simple
sugars present after we boiled it
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For the starch test iodine was used which is an
orange to brown colour, but as we reacted to it
with starch it turned black because of the
amylose present in the starch
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In the lipid test the result was purple due to the
biuret solution which contains copper sulphate
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Conclusion
In conclusion all our food tests were positive and had the right results in the end as
we were testing for the different components
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Protease is produced by the pancreas and released into the small intestine, to break
down the protein into the amino acids
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So it works in the mouth and in the duodenum
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The end product of breaking down the lipids are fatty
acids, this process happens in the small intestine
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Pepsin is
required for digestion in the stomach and is produced in the peptic cell of the
stomach lining
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By taking them the iron will be absorbed into the blood
and help produce more healthy red blood cells
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More haemoglobin also means more
oxygen
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Poor blood circulation is also an effect of iron deficiency,
so by taking the supplements and having more blood you won't feel cold and tired
constantly
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By taking more vitamin C, symptoms
like bleeding, impaired wound healing and rashes can be treated because the
vitamin c in our body is necessary to make collagen
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Without that
the connective tissue problems occur and other types of bleeding in the body
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The serotonin and
dopamine level is regulated through the vitamin c, so symptoms of feeling fatigued
and depressed should eventually disappear by taking the supplements
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The small intestine’s
lining is damaged (inflamed), so it can't take the nutrients
(malabsorption)
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In
celiac disease, the immune system starts attacking the
gliadin, because it sees it as a foreign body
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People who live with this disease tend to have a gluten free diet, so the immune
system won't attack the healthy tissue
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Compared to a healthy
human being without celiac disease, the main problem is malabsorption
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But with the disease absorbing nutrients becomes harder and not everything will be
absorbed, this then can lead to other nutrition deficiency like anaemia,
hypocalcemia, scurvy etc
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This makes the poo, greasy, frothy and foul smelling
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With celiac disease
eating this can cause symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, indigestion,
constipation or vomiting (which usually only affects children) or diarrhoea
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The usual treatment and only one for coeliac disease is excluding food that contains
gluten, to prevent symptoms and damage to the small intestine
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For example there is an unnamed drug known as PRG-015, that is supposed
to reduce the body's inflammatory response to small amounts of gluten
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All these drugs are still in
testing and making at the Columbias Celiac disease centre
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