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Cells and the Immune System
Created
Class

@February 12, 2025 9:04 PM
Cells to Systems

Immune Response
Generated by antigens
Found on cell surfaces
Used by immune system to identify foreign substances/cells e
...
antibodies binds to anything and can be specific

Vaccines and Ethics
Vaccines are tested on animals which cause disagreements
Testing on people involves risk of contracting disease
Some groups avoid vaccines due to possible side effects
Still protected due to herd immunity

HIV Causes AIDS
HIV is a virus impacting the immune system leading to aids
Having AIDs means the immune system worsens and fails
AIDS patients are more vulnerable to infections
HIV infects and kills helper t-cells
The lack of helper t-cells means the body can’t produce a sufficient
immune response
AIDS develops when helper t-cell lvls are extremely low

Cells and the Immune System

4

HIV Structure
Core contains RNAs and proteins
Capsid
Outer coating
Envelope
Extra outer layer
Made from stolen cell membrane
Attachment proteins stick out of envelope to help HIV attach to helper tcells

HIV Replication
Attachment protein attaches to receptor molecule on helper t-cell
Capsid released into cell and releases RNA into cytoplasm
DNA is made from reverse transcriptase and viral RNA template
‘Fake’ DNA is placed in host DNA
Enzymes in host produce viral proteins from viral DNA placed earlier in
normal DNA
Vi

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