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Lorene Torres
Chapter 5 Learning Objectives:
1
...
a
...
2
...
a
...
One monomer would give –HO while the other give –H and creating a polymer
...
Meaning that instead of
creating a polymer is breaks it down to a monomer, by adding water which then breaks the bond
...
Carbohydrates:
3
...
a
...
Monosaccarides is a form of carbohydrates, but in the most simplest form
...
They are used to build more complex carbohydrate forms
...
Disaccarides
i
...
An example would be sucrose,
which is made of glucose and fructose
...
Polysaccharides
i
...
4
...
a
...
Glycoside linkage is a chemical bond, that links together the monosacarides which than form
more complex carbohydrates
...
Where can it be found
i
...
c
...
It is associated with the disaccarides and the polysaccharides
...
Formed
i
...
5
...
a
...
Structre
1
...
ii
...
Cellulose function is being part of the material that protect the plant cells, and it also
helps with the passage of food as well
...
b
...
Structure
1
...
Meaning that they are not as structured as the structural polysaccharides
...
ii
...
The function of starch is so that animals, humans or plants are able to store sugar so
that they are then able to use it later on as an energy
...
Explain what an ester linkage is, where it would be found, what types of monomers it would be associated
with, and describe how it is formed
...
Ester linkage
i
...
b
...
This linkage can be found in fatty acids, for example triacylglycerol
...
Association with
i
...
d
...
Ester links form when there are 3 fatty acid molecules that are joined to glycerol
...
Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats and list some unique emergent properties that are a
consequence of these structural differences
...
Saturated Fats
i
...
1
...
b
...
Unsaturated fatty acids are different from saturated fats because it has one or more double
bonds, and it also has one less hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon
...
At room temperature the molecules can not pack close together because of the
structure
...
Describe how the structure of a phospholipid fits its function as an integral component of cell membranes
...
Phospholipid
i
...
This makes it so that when they are
exposed to water they become double layered so that the polar head is exposed but the
hydrophobic tails are not
...
Proteins:
9
...
a
...
Amino group
1
...
Hydrogen
iii
...
This is different on every amino acid and it is the side chain, which determines
characteristics and function
...
Carboxyl group
1
...
10
...
a
...
A peptide bond is a covalent bond between two amino acids that occurred because of an
adjacent dehydration reaction
...
The monomer
associated with the bond is amino acids
...
Define the four levels of protein structure and describe why these structures are important
...
Primary structure
i
...
b
...
The coils and folds in a segment are known as a secondary structure, because of the hydrogen
bonds between the polypeptide backbone
...
c
...
This structure is the overall shape of a polypeptide, because of how it bonds with the side
chains with the amino acids
...
d
...
This is the overall protein structure that is made up because of the aggregation of the
subunits
...
12
...
a
...
The type of bond that is important for the structure is peptide bonds, because it is when the
amino acid link together
...
Secondary
i
...
1
...
Hydrogen bond between every fourth amino acid
...
Beta pleated sheets
a
...
c
...
Hydrophobic interaction
1
...
ii
...
When two cysteine monomers bond across from each other
...
Quaternary
i
...
13
...
a
...
Denaturation is when the chemical bonds within the protein come undone because of
exposure pH, salt, temperature, or other factors
...
Proteins denatured
i
...
Nucleic Acids:
14
...
a
...
RNA translates the information of how the amino acids are supposed to be formed and
then they start to reconstruct that shape
...
List the 3 major components of a nucleotide, and describe how these monomers are linked to form a nucleic
acid
...
Nucleotides 3 major components
i
...
Nitrogen base
iii
...
How are monomers linked
i
...
16
...
a
...
Purines are six-membered ring fused to a five membered ring
...
Purines are larger than pyrimidines
...
Adenine and guanine are part of the family
iv
...
Pyrimidines
i
...
ii
...
Cystosine is both RNA and DNA
iv
...
Thymine is found only in DNA
c
...
Both have at least one of their family members in DNA and RNA
17
...
a
...
Double helix which is usually formed with sugar phosphate backbones
...
The strands are held together by the hydrogen bonds
...