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Chapter 9 Learning Objectives: (Be able to answer ALL of the following questions)
1
...

a
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2
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a
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3
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The specific mechanism is the release of energy from ATP by breaking off a phosphate group
...
What is the primary starting molecule for aerobic respiration?
a
...

5
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Aerobic respiration
i
...
This creates a lot of ATP and it needs oxygen
b
...
This happens when there isn’t oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm
ii
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C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy is an example of an organic REDOX reaction
...
C6H12O6
o What is being oxidized? C6H12O6
o What is being reduced? O2
o Explain how each process occurs
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H in C6H12O6 is +1
...
because of its high electronegativity
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because 6x(C) + 12x(+1) + 6x(-2) = 0
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O2 is neutral
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each O has the same electronegativity
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How does the First Law of Thermodynamics apply to REDOX reactions?
a
...

8
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Leo goes Ger
9
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Receives energy so that the electrons can be collected and it is used in many reactions

o What is its reduced form?
o NADH
o Why is the reduction of NAD+ an important event (what is the ultimate goal)?
o The ultimate goal of the NAD+ is shuttle electrons so that there is enough to keep the reactions
going
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Compare and contrast substrate-level phosphorylation with oxidative phosphorylation
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Substrate-level phosphorylation
i
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There is only a little bit of ATP made
b
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There is a lot of ATP produced and the action is fast
ii
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Phosphorylation powered by electrons
11
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What are the first 5 steps of glycolysis referred to as? Why?
a
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What are the second 5 steps of glycolysis referred to as? Why?
a
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14
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Pyruvate must be first decarbonized, then oxidized then the two carbon fragments attach to a
vitamin CoA
Kreb’s Cycle:
15
...

a
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Citrate is then turned into isocitrate using water (6C)
c
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alpha ketoglutarates (5C) loses another carbon dioxide to form succinyl CoA(4C) NAD+ is
reduced to NADH again
e
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E- and 2H+ transfer to FAD making FADH2, fumarate (4C) is formed
g
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Malate is oxidized to regenerate oxaloacetate (4C), NAD+ reduced to NADH

16
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It is important to end up with the molecule that starts the process because then the process can
start up again
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How many turns of the cycle are there per glucose molecule?
a
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What is the major goal of the Krebs Cycle? What must be generated during this cycle to allow the ETC to
occur?
a
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What is the role of NADH and FADH2?
a
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What molecules (including enzymes) are embedded in the cristae and what ultimately gets produced?
a
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H+ gets produced
21
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It increases the space for transporting proteins of the ETC and also ATP synthase for oxidative
and ATP production
22
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They become reduced when electrons are accepted from less electronegative molecules
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25
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Diffusion of the hydrogen molecules
26
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ATP synthesis
27
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The generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular
respiration or photosynthesis
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What must H+ do in order for ATP to be generated?
a
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What type of phosphorylation produces the most ATP?
a
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How much ATP is generated via aerobic cellular respiration?
a
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Can other macromolecules feed into cellular respiration?
a
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What are two types of fermentation? What are the end products of each type?
a
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Lactic acid fermentation leads to lactate and NAD+, Alcohol fermentation end product is
acetaldehyde, CO2, NADH, ethanol and NAD+
33
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The diary (lactic acid) and alcohol industries (ethanol) rely on fermentation
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What is a facultative anaerobe? How does it prefer to live? What interesting adaptation does it have that
allows it to live in extreme environments?
a
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They can switch metabolic
path ways so that if there is no oxygen they can still function

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