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Title: Cell Structure and Function, Cell Growth and Division
Description: Chapter 7 and 10 study guide for Prentice Hall Biology textbook

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Chapter 7 and Chapter 10
Study Guide

Chapter 7
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller and simpler than
eukaryotic cells
...
Prokaryotes have no organelles and are
unicellular
...


Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex
than prokaryotic cells
...
They contain a nucleus in which their genetic
material is separated from the rest of the cell
...
Other form
large, multicellular organisms
...


Both
Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes may have flagellas and
can reproduce asexually
...


Animal vs
...
bacteria
o Plants and animals are eukaryotes
o Bacteria are prokaryotes
o Plants and animals are multicellular
o Bacteria are unicellular
o Animals are heterotrophic
o Plants are autotrophic
o Bacteria can be either hetero or autotrophic

Plant cell

Animal Cell

Bacteria Cell

How do viruses reproduce?
The virus attaches itself to a host cell and infuses
the cell with its nucleic acid
...
The
host cell is eventually overcome with the new viruses and
just like a balloon does when it has too much air, it bursts
...

While the viruses’ nucleic acid is present in
the chromosomes, it is not active and therefore does not
immediately affect the cell’s function
...
The release of the viruses ultimately kills the
host cell giving rise to the lysogenic cycle
...
Semi
permeable

Cell Wall

Rigid fibers

Protects the
cell

Nucleus

Membrane
bound
compartment
with pores

Controls
activity of the
cell
...

Reads
message and
makes
proteins
Finishes
Assembly line
making
makes
proteins and
changes to
ships them to
the protein
other parts of
the cells
Makes lipids
for the cell

Nucleolus
Centrioles

Tiny fibers

Ribosomes

2 subunits

Golgi
Apparatus

Stack of
pancakes

Smooth
Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Membrane
bound
compartment

How does the
structure of
the organelle
allow for its
function
Prevents
anything that
is water
soluble from
passing into
cell
Allows
strength so
plants can
grow tall
Pores allow
movement of
things into and
out of nucleus

What type of
cells is this
organelle
found in?
Both plant
and animal

Plants,
fungus,
protists
Plants and
animals

Plants and
animals
Animals

All cells

Plants and
animals

Plants and
animals

Rough
Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Lysosomes

Central
Vacuole
Cytoskeleton

Vacuoles

Membrane
bound
compartment
with ribosomes
on it
Double
membrane
with lots of
folds
Double
membrane
with flattened
stacks/disks
Small
compartment
with digestive
enzymes/acids
inside
Giant
compartment

Processes
(folds)
proteins

Makes energy
(cellular
respiration)

Proteins easily
move from
ribosome to
RER

Folds increase
surface area
for energy
production
Photosynthesis Disks contain
makes sugar
chlorophyll to
from sunlight
trap sunlight
energy
Digest/break
Enzymes will
down food,
digest
old
materials
organelles,
inside
and bacteria
Storage and
Adds pressure
support
to cell wall to
strengthen
Fibers
Skeleton/
Pulls
(microtubules
Highway
organelles
and
inside the cell where they
microfilaments)
need to go
located
throughout cell
Tiny
Transport and Little
compartment
store food
compartments
and waste
separates
food or waste
from the rest
of the cell

Plant and
animal

All
Eukaryotes

Plants and
protists

All
Eukaryotes

Plants

All cells

All
Eukaryotes

Cell Membrane
The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the
cell and also provides protection and support
...
In addition to lipids, most
cell membranes contain protein molecules that are
embedded in the lipid bilayer
...
Many of the
carbohydrates act like chemical identification cards,
allowing individual cells to identify one another
...

Glycoproteins- carbohydrates in membrane aid in cell to
cell communication and reorganization
...
Requires energy
...


Semi permeable membrane
A semi permeable membrane is a membrane that allows
certain molecules to pass through but blocks others
...


Cell transport
Diffusion- process by which molecules of a substance move
from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower
concentration
Osmosis- diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
...

Exocytosis- membrane of the vacuole surrounding the
material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents
out of the cell
...

Active transport examples: carrier proteins; endocytosis;
exocytosis
Passive transport examples: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion, protein channels

Isotonic vs hypotonic vs hypertonic

Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the regulation and maintenance of a stable
internal body environment
Positive feedback- pushes levels of substances in the body
out of normal ranges
...

Negative feedback- maintains substances and functions
within a set and narrow range
...


Chapter 10
Functions of cell cycle
During the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and
divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then
begins the cycle again
...

What type of reproduction is occurring in the cell cycle and how do daughter cells compare
genetically with the parent cells?
Asexual reproduction is occurring in the cell cycle and the
daughter cells are genetically identical to the parent cells
...
The DNA replicates during the S phase of
interphase
...
The spindle apparatus is synthesized by
microtubule organizing centers which are not visible
Cytokinesis in animal cell proceed through production of a
cleavage furrow
...
They divide by the formation of a cell
plate, which is an expanding partition that grows outward
from the interior of the cell until it reaches the cell
membrane

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
Interphase- the cell grows and replicates its DNA and
centrioles
Prophase- the chromatin condenses into chromosomes
...
The
nuclear envelope breaks down
...
Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber
at its centromere
...

Telophase- the chromosomes gather at opposite ends of
the cell and lose their distinct shapes
...

Cytokinesis- the cytoplasm pinches in half
...


Cytokinesis
During cytokinesis in animals, the cell membrane is drawn
inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into nearly two equal
parts
...

In plants, the cell plate forms midway between the divided
nuclei
...
A cell wall then begins to appear in the cell
plate
...

Internal regulators allow the cell cycle to proceed only
when certain processes have happened inside the cell
...

Growth factors stimulate the growth and division of the cells
...

Cancer is a disorder in which some of the body’s own cells
lose the ability to control growth
...


Stem cells
Stem cells are unspecialized cells that have the potential to
differentiate- to become specialized in structure and functioninto a wide variety of cell types
Title: Cell Structure and Function, Cell Growth and Division
Description: Chapter 7 and 10 study guide for Prentice Hall Biology textbook