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Cognition 2 – Reading and Writing Disorders
This is when word recognition goes wrong
Reading disorders:
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
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

Acquired dyslexia
Developmental dyslexia
Hyperlexia
Dysgraphia

What do these disorders tell us about the brain?

Reading is complex and so susceptible to damage
...
Has a reciprocal relationship with
orthographic awareness
...
g
...
e
...
There is double
dissociation
...

A classic example of Double Dissociation is speech and language comprehension
...
When a part of the brain called the Broca's area is damaged, patients
may still understand language but be unable to speak fluently
...
On the other hand, when a part of the brain
called Wernicke's area is damaged, patients may still speak fluently, but be unable to
comprehend language
...

By establishing Double Dissociation, scientists are able to determine which mental
processes are specialized to certain areas of the brain
...
g
...
Like with amnesia - those who
have suffered a TBI that affects the particular part of the brain that is responsible for forming memories no
longer have the ability to form these memories and can no longer remember everything
...
g
...
surface subtypes (Castles and Coltheart, 1993)
Visual theories
o Magnocellular deficit hypothesis (Stein and Walsh, 1997)
o Visual attention span (Bosse et al
...
1978)
Twin studies – found evidence for a genetic component to word recognition in male and
female (Olson et al
...
1996) – nature/nurture factors
Traditionally thought: Males > females
Now thought to be relatively representative of the gender distribution in the population
Quite strong genetics

Neurobiological basis
Dyslexia being a cognitive learning disorder with high heritability suggests neurobiological
origin
Imaging studies – identified different patterns of neural activation in dyslexic compared to
typical adults (Pugh et al
...
Frost et al
(2009) suggest differences
reflect dyslexic participants’
less-efficient phonological
processing
Brunswick et al
...
, 2003)
A mix of literature – positive correlation between phonological awareness and
cerebral volume in good readers, not in poor
...

o Can read single words accurately, but have problems with understanding meaning of
text
...


o Impaired handwriting
o Orthographic coding (orthography, the storing process of written words and
processing the letters in those words)
o Finger sequencing (the movement of muscles required to write)
o Can be alongside dyslexia

Summary
o
o
o
o
o

Reading disorders:
Acquired dyslexia – TBI/Stroke - Surface - Phonological - Deep
Developmental dyslexia – from childhood - neurological basis
Hyperlexia – comprehension – further evidence for dual-route
Dysgraphia – affects writing



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