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NOTES 4
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Identify the mental disturbances of a person
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CHAPTER 8
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
As mentioned in Chapter 1
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Criminal psychology is a sub-field of psychology
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To understand criminal psychology better, it is necessary to
have a familiarity with the basic principles and concepts of general psychology first
because criminal psychology is the application of the principles of general psychology
to understand criminal behavior
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Behavior refers to observable actions or responses, while mental processes, which are
not directly observable, refer to a wide range of complex mental processes, such as
thinking, imagining, studying and dreaming (Plotnik, 2006)
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Mental processes, however,
cannot be seen because these take place only in the mind
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The study of emotions and
personality are also included in the psychology
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These aspects
of human behavior play very important roles in the development of criminal behavior
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Frustration is the condition of being thwarted in the
satisfaction of a motive and may be the result of either environmental or personal
conditions, or both operating at the same time (Bustos, 1999)
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Abnormal psychology is the study of maladjustments among
mental, social and emotional deviates (Evangelista, 2000)
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Naturally, the mental health of a
person can affect his behavior
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Good mental health has been use synonymously with the phrase, “well-adjusted” (Bustos,
1999)
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So basically, what psychology teaches is that a person acts or behaves a certain
way because he is influenced by the different factors that cause him to act or behave
that way
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CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
In criminal psychology, what is studied are the behaviors and thought processes
of persons who committed crimes
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It aims to
know what was going on in a person’s mind that made him commit the crime
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One such factor is personality, this was briefly discussed in Chapter 5, under the
topic of psychological determinism, more particularly, the theory of personality or
psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud
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Emotional problem is another cause of criminality
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Likewise, a person must know how to control negative emotions
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His failure to control these emotions could also lead to criminal
behavior
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There are normal reactions to frustrations,
reactions that help individual to successfully cope with frustrations
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A person who is suffering from any mental disorder is not acting normally and
rationally
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CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS
Mental disorder is generally defined as a prolonged or recurring problem that
seriously interferes with an individual’s ability to live a satisfying personal life and function
adequately in a society (Plotnik, 2006)
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However, there is what is called the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders IV-Text Revision, or DSM-IV-TR which the descriptions and
classifications of a different mental disorders known today
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MENTAL DISTURBANCES
1
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Classes:
 Idiots – persons with mental defect to a degree that they are unable to guard
themselves against common physical dangers
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 Imbeciles – persons whose state of mind is similar to a child 3 to 7-year-old
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 Feeble-minded – persons whose state of mind manifest cases where there
exists mental defectiveness that do not amount to imbecility
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 Morally defective – persons with strong vicious or criminal propensities
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2
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It is an abnormal condition of the
mind described as involving a “loss of contact with reality”
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Hallucinations – a sensory perception in the absence of external stimuli
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b
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It can be difficult to change the belief, even with evidence to the country
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delusions of persecution or persecutory
delusion (person believes that others are out to harm them), 2
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delusion of reference (person believes that everybody around him is always
looking and talking about him)
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 Primary delusions – are defined as arising suddenly and not being
comprehensible in terms of normal mental processes
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g
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c
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This is manifested by delusion and illusion
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Sub-categories of Schizophrenia
1
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2
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d
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Paranoid thinking includes
persecutory, or beliefs of conspiracy concerning a perceived threat towards
oneself (e
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, “Everyone is out to get me”)
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3
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They may impair a
person’s functioning in virtually any area of his life, relationships, or external affairs,
but they are not severe enough to incapacitate the person
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Neurasthenia – manifests fatigue and nervousness and sometimes pain
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2
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3
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Obsessions are repeated thoughts, urges, or mental images that are intrusive,
unwanted, and make most people anxious
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Common compulsions include:
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 Excessive cleaning or handwashing
 Ordering or arranging items in a particular, precise way
 Repeatedly checking things, such as that the door is locked or the oven
is off
 Compulsive counting
 Praying or repeating words silently
This may be in the form of the following:
 Kleptomania – the compulsive desire to steal
 Dipsomania – compulsive desire to drink alcohol
 Pyromania – compulsive desire to set fire
 Homicidal compulsion – the irresistible urge to kill somebody
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Hysteria – this refers to an unhealthy or senseless emotional outburst coupled
with violent emotional outbreaks
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Phobia – exaggerated fear of things that normal people fear only in some
degree, and fear on things that ordinary people do not
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Depression – a state of unpleasantness despair, rejection and hurt
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Bipolar disorder – is marked by fluctuations between episodes of depression
and mania
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A
person with bipolar disorder would feel extremely happy for a period of time
and then wake up the following day feeling very low and depressed for no
apparent reason
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Paranoid personality disorder – is a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness and
perceiving others as having evil motives
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Antisocial personality disorder refers to a pattern of disregarding or violating
the rights of others without feeling guilt or remorse
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Most serial killers, are diagnosed to have antisocial personality disorder
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When they are finally caught, they still
do not fell any shame or regret for the evil things they did
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SEXUAL DEVIANCE OR SEXUAL ABERRATION
One very important aspect in the study in criminal psychology is the cause of the
behavior of sexual offenders
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Sexual Deviance or sexual aberration is a type of mental disorder characterized
by a preference for or obsession with unusual sexual practices
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It is the repeated, intense sexual arousal to unconventional (socially deviant) stimuli
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forensicpsychiatry
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Paraphilia, in simple term, refers to a condition in which a person derives sexual
gratifications from performing certain activities, or from objects that are not sexual in
nature, that are not normally done or experience by average, ordinary people
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On the other hand, some paraphilias
actually do cause the person to resort to illegal behavior
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According to studies, more males are suffering from paraphilia’s than females and
it cannot be explained why
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However, there are different forms of treatment available to address
these problems
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foerensicpsychiatry
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Most cases of paraphilia are treated with counseling and therapy to help these
people modify their behavior
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In some cases, hormones are prescribed for individuals who experience
frequent occurrences of abnormal or dangerous sexual behavior
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Some of the most common forms of paraphilia are the following:
Pedophilia – deriving sexual gratification from engaging in sexual activities with
children
Exhibitionism – a mental condition characterized by the compulsion to display
one’s genitals in public
Fetishism – deriving sexual gratification from specific objects, examples are
underwear, shoes, pantyhose, etc
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Masochism – the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual gratification from
one’s own pain or humiliation
Sadism – the tendency to derive pleasure, especially sexual gratification, from
inflicting pain, suffering or humiliation on others
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Voyeurism (peeping) - deriving sexual gratification from secretly watching people
undressing, dressing up or having sexual intercourse with somebody else; also known as
scopophilia or scoptophilia
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Zoophilia (animals) - deriving sexual gratification from having sexual intercourse
with animals; also called bestiality
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CHAPTER 9
CRIME TYPOLOGIES
In Chapter 2, crimes are classified based on two basic categories: legal
classification and criminological classification
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Typology is a manner of classifying according to general types
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Typologies are useful because they assist in providing clues as to the
different behavior factors that can lead to criminal behavior (Guarino Ghezi and Travino,
2005)
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Furthermore, offenders from each typology are also organized into
typologies of their own based on their personalities, motives or reason for committing the
offense and their manner or methods in the commission of their crimes
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Violence is defined as the use of physical force, threat or intimidation by one
person against another
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On the other
hand, violence could be the means the offender used in order to achieve his primary
motive, such as in the case of robbery
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A
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Murder is the unlawful killing of any person which is not parricide or infanticide,
provided that any of the enumerated circumstances is present
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Of the six (6) circumstances, three (3)
involves the use of violence
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Mass Murder, Spree Murder and Serial Murder
Mass murder is the killing of several people at one location that begins and ends
within a few minutes or hours, usually with the death of the killer by suicide
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Mass murderers are divided into two (2) types:
1) Those who choose specific targets the killers believe to have caused them stress,
and
2) Those who attack targets having no connection with the killer but who belongs to
groups the killer dislikes, such as prostitutes (Walsh, 2012)
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The word spree connotes foolish or senseless behavior
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Both mass murder and spree
murder are usually committed with the use of firearms which makes it possible for the
offenders to kill several victims within a short period of time
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1) Visionary serial killers:
This type of serial killers is typically out of touch with reality, may be psychotic or
schizophrenic, and feel impelled to commit murder by visions or “voices in his head”
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2) Mission-oriented serial killers:
This type of serial killers feels it is their mission in life to kill certain kinds of people
such as prostitutes and homosexuals
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They define their own “undesirables” and set out to eliminate as many as they can
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They kill for thrills,
engaging in perverted sexual activity
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4) Power/Control serial killers:
This type of serial killers gains more satisfaction from exercising complete power
over their victims rather than from bloodlust, although sexual activity is almost always
involved
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B
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On the other hand, physical injuries may be committed by wounding, beating,
assaulting or administering injurious substance
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Crime of killing
 Homicide - the killing of human being by another
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 Infanticide - killing of an infant less than 3 days old
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 Fratricide - killing of one’s own brother
 Matricide - killing of a mother by her own child
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 Uxoricide - act of one who murders his wife
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 Abortion (aborticide) - an act of destroying (killing) a fetus in the womb
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 Regicide - the killing or murder or a king
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 Euthanasia - mercy killing or the act or practice of painlessly putting to death a
person’s suffering from incurable and distressing disease
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 Voluntary manslaughter - is a form of homicide that occurs without premeditation,
deliberation, or malice aforethought
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 Mass murder - the killing of a large number of people in a single incident by an
offender who typically does not seek concealment or escape
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 Serial murder - the unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s), in
separate events
C
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Because of the natural difference in
physical strength between males and females, it is so easy for male offenders to
overpower the resistance of females
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This typology identifies three types of rapist: anger rapists,
power rapists and sadistic rapists
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2) Power Rapist
This type of rapist uses only enough violent force to accomplish the rape
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He views himself as a sexual god and
has fantasies that women will actually feel satisfactions for the encounter
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He tortures
victims before killing her
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In the Philippine setting, the crime of rape is defined and punished by Republic
Act No 8353, which amended the provisions of the Revised Penal Code on rape
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According to the definition provided by RA 8353, there
are two ways or manner of committing the crime of rape: rape through sexual intercourse
and rape through sexual assault
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For rape through sexual intercourse, the offender is always a man, and the victim
is always a woman
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The mere act of putting a man’s penis inside another man’s or woman’s mouth or
anus is already punishable as rape
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For this kind of rape, the offender can either be a man or woman and the victim
can either be a man or woman
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acquaintance rape - forcible sex in which offender and the victim are acquainted
with one another
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aggravated rape - rape involving multiple offenders, weapons and victim injuries
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date rape - forcible sex during the courting relationship
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gang rape - forcible sex involving multiple attacker
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marital rape - forcible sex between people who are legally married to each other
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Serial rape - multiple rapes committed by one person over time
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statutory rape - sexual relations between an underage minor female and an adult
male
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Terrorism
The term terrorism is difficult to define because is encompasses a wide range of
meanings and complex activities
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force
or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian
population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social goals (Walsh,
2012)
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Despite the fact that there are many definitions available from different sources
and authorities, it can be said that all definitions share the same elements
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Over the years, typologies of terrorism have been established to facilitate better
understanding of it
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Other typologies also
include ideological terrorism, nationalistic terrorism, state-sponsored terrorism and the
revolutionary terrorism
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The most common terroristic acts include
hostage-taking, aircraft piracy, sabotage assassination, bombings and shootings (Lyman
and Potter, 2000)
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What is being feared the most is the
time when terrorist would start using biological and chemical warfare as their weapons
of choice
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ECONOMIC CRIMES
Economic crime is crime committed to gain profit within an otherwise legal
business
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White-collar crimes, organized crimes and cybercrimes fall under the typology of
economic crimes
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White-collar Crime
The term white-collar crime was invented by Edwin Sutherland
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The US Congress, meanwhile, defined it as an illegal act or series
of illegal acts committed by non-physical means and by concealment or guile, to obtain
money or property, or to obtain business or personal advantage (Walsh, 2012)
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Occupational crime is a crime committed by individuals in the course of their
employment
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They take advantage of their position,
knowledge and expertise and use such position, knowledge and expertise to commit
crimes
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Corporate crime is a criminal activity of a business organization committed during
the course of fulfilling the legitimate role of the corporation, and in the name of corporate
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profit and growth (Walsh, 2012)
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B
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Attempts to
define the term organized crime have been met with only limited success and no
generally accepted definition has emerged
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As early as 1969, a definition was formulated by Donald Cressey which was
adopted by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation
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Some of the primary characteristics of organized crimes are the following:
1) Organized crimes have no political, religious or social ideologies;
2) The primary purpose of the criminal activities of organized crime groups is to gain
monetary profit through illegal activities;
3) Organized crimes is hierarchical, meaning, it follows an organized structure where
there are clear lines of authority;
4) Organized crimes are committed by a wide and complex network of people
working together, yet separately, in several locations;
5) Organized crimes employ force, violence and intimidation in their operations and
activities; and
6) The activities of organized crime groups encompass a variety of illegal activities,
which include drug trafficking, prostitution, gambling, money laundering,
racketeering, cybersex, firearms trafficking and human trafficking
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Cybercrimes or computer crimes
Cybercrime is the use of computer technology to criminally victimize unwary
individuals or groups (Walsh, 2012)
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The terms cybercrimes, computer crimes and internet
crimes are used interchangeably
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Hacking, or computer
hacking, refers to the unauthorized and illegal accessing of computers, computer
networks or systems, programs and websites with malicious intent
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A hacker is someone who illicitly accesses someone else’s
computer system (Walsh, 2012)
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Identity theft is the use of someone else’s personal information without their
permission to fraudulently obtain goods and services (Walsh, 2012)
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Software piracy is the illegal copying and distributing of software for free or for sale (Walsh,
2012)
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Computers provide a cheaper means to perpetrate damaging crimes (Sjogren
ans Skogh, 2004)
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However, its passage had to
overcome a lot of protests from the different sectors in society due to some of its provisions
believed to be undemocratic and unconstitutional
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PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES
In the Philippines, the law that defines crimes against public order is the Revised
Penal Code, under Title Three, Book II
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Public order crimes are any acts or behaviors that are considered to interfere with
the normal flow of society
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The behavior can be
harmful and disruptive to society if it isn’t handled properly by the authorities
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These crimes range from something as serious as the use
and sale of dangerous drugs and prostitution to something as minor as public disturbance
due to excessive alcoholic consumption or public drunkenness
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Dangerous Drugs or Illegal Drugs
The sale and use of dangerous drugs, is punished by the Comprehensive
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, or Republic Act 9165
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These include cultivation, dispensation and
manufacturing of prohibited drugs, among others
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This is in keeping with the belief that drug users are also victims
and should be helped and saved
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B
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RPC defines a prostitute as a woman who habitually
indulges in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct for money or profit
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Prostitution is a selling sex or performing any type of sexual act in exchange for
money, goods, or other services is considered to be prostitution
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The definition of the crime of prostitution is supplemented by RA 9208, the AntiTrafficking in Person Act of 2003
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C
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Public disorder means such substantial interference with the public peace as to
constitute a significant threat to the health and safety of the people or a significant threat
to public or private property
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Common public disorder problems experienced by retailers involve unwanted
individuals engaging in a variety of inappropriate activity, such as trespassing, loitering,
disturbing the peace, public urination, public intoxication, or sleeping on or around a
business' property
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Paraphilia
Paraphilia is a sexual act that most people would consider to be deviant or
abnormal
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E
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Disorderly conduct can
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include disrupting a peaceful assembly, obstructing traffic, making too much noise,
disrupting a funeral, or violently disrupting an area
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Drunkenness
Alcohol-related crimes and public intoxication will both fall under the category of
public order crimes

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