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Marine Biology - Unit 4
Nutrients are substances that organisms need to perform vital bodily functions
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Some of the most important ones are carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals
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Protein - Tissue repair and growth
Carbohydrate - Energy
Lipid - Insulation and energy storage
Vitamins and Minerals - Overall health
Eaten > Starch breaks down > Glucose is absorbed > Used by body cells
Carbohydrates: Key energy source, Sugars and starch, Glucose + Fructose, Starch +
Cellulose (Polysaccharides made by plants)
Lipids: Energy dense, Long term energy storage, insulation and buoyancy
Micronutrients: producers make their own, animals eat them, fish absorb them
Carbon is the backbone of all life on earth
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18% of the human body is Carbon
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When organisms die or produce waste, their organic molecules break down
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Marine snow is waste sinking from the surface to the bottom of the sea
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Zooplankton feed on phytoplankton and use their organic molecules for energy and growth
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Gill filaments have lots of capillaries inside and the blood flows opposite to water
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For mammals, oxygen goes through mouth and nose, into the lungs then out the
mouth/nose/blowhole
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Increasing ocean depth - CO2 increase and O decrease
Turbidity and light changes with depth
Temperature
Mineral ions (upwelling)
Food chains can show feeding relationships and energy transfer
Producer > primary consumer > secondary consumer > tertiary consumer
A food web is a diagram with multiple food chains in it
Only 10% of energy is passed
Biomass amount from higher trophic level / Biomass from lower trophic level x 100
Energy is lost by respiration, excretion or if it isn’t digested or eaten
Pyramid of number - width shows quantity, producers are always at the bottom
Pyramid of biomass - mass of living matter, kg per metres squared, wider to narrower,
organism’s mass
Pyramid of energy - shows energy in kj, mean energy over a year



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