Notesale: Turn your study into money

Document Preview

Extracts from the notes are below, to see the PDF you'll receive please use the links above

---

NUCLEIC ACIDS ACTIVE RECALL QUESTIONS :
1
...
​
2
...
​
4
...
​
7
...
​
9
...
​How are nucleotides joined together?
11
...
​What is the term for the repeating sugar-phosphate structure?
13
...
​What three parts make up a DNA nucleotide?
15
...
​Which of the DNA bases are purines?
17
...
​Which bases are larger: purines or pyrimidines?

🔹 Base Pairing in DNA

19
...
​What does “anti-parallel” mean in DNA?
21
...
​Which bases pair together in DNA?
23
...
​How many hydrogen bonds form between G and C?
25
...
​If a DNA sample has 15% adenine, what % is thymine?
27
...
​Why must A = T and G = C in double-stranded DNA?
29
...
​Why do single-stranded DNA samples not have equal A=T and G=C?​

🔹 Function & Adaptations of DNA
31
...
​How does DNA replicate itself accurately?
33
...
​How does DNA's structure relate to storing large amounts of information?
35
...
​Why did scientists originally think proteins, not DNA, carried genetic information?
37
...
​How many amino acids are found in proteins?
39
...
​What eventually proved DNA carries the genetic code?

🔹 RNA Structure

41
...
​Where does protein synthesis take place?
43
...
​Why is RNA needed to transfer the genetic code?
45
...
​Which sugar is found in RNA?
47
...
​What are the four bases found in RNA?
49
...
​Which RNA bases are pyrimidines?
51
...
​ Why must new cells have the same DNA code as parent cells?
2
...
​ What does "semi-conservative replication" mean?

🧬 Semi-Conservative Replication Overview
4
...
​
6
...
​

What happens to the two strands of DNA during replication?
What role does each original DNA strand play in the replication process?
After replication, what does each new DNA molecule consist of?
What is the difference between a DNA molecule and a DNA strand?

🧪 DNA Replication Steps

8
...
​ How are the two strands of DNA separated?
10
...
​What do the separated DNA strands act as?
12
...
​What enzyme joins the new nucleotides together?
14
...
​What type of reaction forms phosphodiester bonds?
16
...
​How many DNA molecules are formed after replication?
18
...
​What is the role of hydrogen bonds during base pairing?

⚙️ Enzymes and Molecules Involved

20
...
​Where do the new DNA nucleotides come from?
22
...
​What organism did Meselson and Stahl use for their experiment?
24
...
coli have?
25
...
​What isotope was used after the transfer?
27
...
​What method was used to separate different types of DNA?
29
...
​What was the DNA composition after one generation in 14N?
31
...
​What was the DNA composition after the third generation?
33
...
​What did the presence of hybrid DNA confirm about the mechanism of DNA
replication?​

🔋 ATP Basics
1
...
​
3
...
​
5
...
​ How is ATP formed from ADP?
7
...
​ What type of reaction forms ATP from ADP and Pi?
9
...
​During which processes is ATP synthesized?
11
...
​In which stage of photosynthesis is ATP formed?

💥 ATP Hydrolysis

13
...
​What products are formed during ATP hydrolysis?
15
...
​Is energy released or required during ATP hydrolysis?

⚙️ Roles of ATP

17
...
​Why are carrier proteins in membranes referred to as ATP hydrolase enzymes?
19
...
​What is the role of ATP in endocytosis?
21
...
​Give examples of biosynthetic processes that require ATP
...
​What is ATP’s role in muscle contraction?
24
...
​How does ATP lower the activation energy of reactions, such as in respiration?

🔁 ATP Cycle & Energy Properties

26
...
​Is ATP a short-term or long-term energy store? Why?
28
...
​What makes ATP unstable?
30
...
​Describe the ATP cycle (how ATP is continuously made and used)
...
​Why do biological systems use ATP instead of glucose directly?
33
...
​How quickly does ATP release energy?
35
...
​Can ATP cross cell membranes?
37
...
​Give two properties of ATP that make it suitable as an energy source
...
​Why is the release of energy in small amounts important?
40

---