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Unit 1- Notes

The Gas exchange is the biological process which usually two gases are transferred
in opposite direction across the specilasied respiratory surface
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(Wikipedia, 2013) In
this case, the two gases are oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Mechanisms of Breathing (inspiration & expiration)
This is the process by which the lungs expand to take in air then contract to expel it
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The Action of breathing in and out is due to the changes of the pressure
within the thorax, which is in comparison with the outside
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When we inhale the intercostal muscle which are
between the ribs and the diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity
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Inspiration, Expiration and Pause
We inhale oxygen through our nose and mouth and we exhale carbon dioxide
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Breathing involves all the muscles of the head, neck,
thorax and the abdomen
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The main muscles of respiration in normal quite breathing are the intercostals
muscles and also the diaphragm
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T
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g
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The lung volumes are directly
measured
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The Average
total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 litres of air, but only a small
amount of this capacity is used during normal breathing
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Vital Capacity- The Maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after
a heavy workout
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We have different levels of lung volumes because according to “Wikipedia” (2014) it
defines that the lung volumes of air is associated with the different phases of the
respiratory cycle and for example say if we are doing nothing or watching television
then it is going to be Tidal volume
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t
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,
then you will have a high level of breathing so you would have Vital capacity
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Control of breathing (neural & chemical)
Your breathing rate is primarily regulated by the neural and chemical mechanisms
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The primary respiratory muscle is the
diaphragm, which is innervated by the phrenic nerve
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The rate at which the nerves
discharge is influenced by the concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide and the
acidity of the blood
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Newborns breathe much faster at about 44 breaths
per minute
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The Respiratory system is the biological system that introduces respiratory gases to
the interior and it performs the gas exchange
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The Molecules of Carbon Dioxide and oxygen are passively exchanged by
a diffusion between the gaseous external environment and also the blood
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Animals such as
insects, have a respiratory system with a very simple anatomical features, and also
in amphibians even their skin plays a vital role in a gas exchange
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Also the respiratory system in the plants has also included anatomical
features such as holes on the undersides of the leaves which is also known as the
stomata
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The Esophagus is in the throat because food will be
passed through it from the pharynx which is also known as the throat and it will be
passed down to the stomach so it can be digested
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This is the muscle principally responsible for the movement taking place in the
contracting muscle
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This Is The Muscle that is responsible for the opposite movement which the one
that relaxes as the agonist works
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Antagonist Exert a “Braking” Control Over The Movement of the muscles
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Agonist: Biceps Antagonist: Triceps Movement: Bicep Curl
Agonist: Quadriceps Antagonist: Hamstring Movement: when you contract your quads it
extends the leg and your hamstring gets longer
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Synergist- These are the muscles that work together to enable the agonist to operate more
effectively
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Sporting Situation: When your weight lifting the Synergist muscles work with the biceps to
control how fast and how you position
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The Fixator muscles
stabilise the origin so that the agonist can achieve maximum and effort contraction
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According to “InnerBody” (2013) Our Muscular system is responsible for the movement of
the human body
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Every single one of those
muscles is a discrete organ which is made up of skeletal muscle tissue, blood vessels, tendons
and also nerves
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In those organs, the muscles serve to move
substance throughout the body so for example when we breathe in we breathe in oxygen then
that gets delivered to the lungs then it get delivered as well as nutrients
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The muscles will allow certain movements so for example the
biceps curl
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There are are 3 different types of muscle fibre which are Type 1, Type 2a and the final one is
Type 2b
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The type of activity is
endurance- based so Running an swimming
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Where as Type 2a is
middle distant force and the sporting activity would be middle- distance running so 800m or
1500m and these are middle distance because they need to be going at a certain pace to keep
working
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The Aerobic system can recover when the fuel is topped up from things like glucose/isotonic
drinks because the replace the particals that are removed in your sweat
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Also this is the long term energy
system
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Glycogen and fatty acids break down into yield and large amounts
of ATP
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The Aerobic energy production occurs in the mitochondria of the cells
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The Production of the energy within the aerobic system is slow to engage because it
takes a few minutes because the heart has to deliver oxygenated blood to the working
muscles
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During the exercise the body does not switch from one system to the other at any
time
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The Latic acid energy system is the short term energy system
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This is an anaerobic
process that does not require any oxygen and therefore this is not sustainable over a long
duration
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Latic acid is the limiting factor of the anaerobic system
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If this substance is not removed by the circulatory system, it builds
up to impede the muscle contractions and cause fatigue
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You may
experience this when doing workouts like weight lifting, The Plank , Push-ups Etc
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Creatine Phosophocreatine (Pcr) is a very high- energy compound
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When the high- energy bond
in pcr is broken the energy it releases is used to resynthesise ATP
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The Explosive work can be achieved, but
only up for about 10 seconds at the maximum intensity, as the supply of pcr is very limited
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The LA- O2
20 and O2 30
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For a shot put player they would use 90 ATP- CP AND LA because they don't need any
aerobic and then the would use LA-02 10 Because they are not doing as much movement or
training as footballers as the footballers and the work out the would have to do workouts that
would be for the muscles in your arms so they could do push-ups, weight-lifting etc
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Whether you are doing a 26- mile marathon run or maybe a explosive movement like a serve
in tennis, Tracking back to defend the basket in basketball or netball, or hitting the ball to get
runs in cricket or getting a home run in baseball/Rounders, the skeletal muscle is powered by
the one and only the one compound which is the adenosine triphosphate Which is also known
as ATP
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It is enough to power for a few seconds of an all out exercise
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Understanding how it
does this is the key to the understanding of the energy systems in our bodies
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The Latic acid
system is an a very important energy system because it provides a very quick supply of the
ATP for the intense, short bursts of activity, usually between 30-60 seconds but it may last up
to 3minutes
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Energy is required for all kinds of the body processes including things like growth,
development, repair, the transport of the various substances between cells and of course, the
muscle contraction
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However the body only stores only a small amount of this “ Energy Currency”
within the cells of our body
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So the body must replace or resynthesize ATP on an on going basis
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When doing a work out and you are doing exercises like the plank, push ups ETC, you will
feel a burning sensation in your arms and that is The Latic acid and this is a good sign
because it is showing that your body is working properly and it is basically showing that
when your muscles contract in your arms it is getting rid of the
Latic acid
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The duration of this energy system depends upon the activity therefore the less
intense the burst of activity the longer it will
last
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This is called Homoeostasis
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The Theremoregulatory centre is the part of the
Brian which monitors and controls our body Temperature
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It produces a hormone called a insulin which reduces
blood glucose levels
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The waste
products like carbon dioxide and it is removed by the lungs when we breathe out
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The human emzimes normally work the best at 37 C, which is the body temperature
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Vasoconstriction- is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular
wall of the vessels, in particular the large arteries and the small arteries
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The Pulmonary loop has to visit the lung because to collect oxygen because when we breathe out
we breathe carbon dioxide and so the waste products from when we breathe out like carbon dioxide
and dead blood cells go straight to the kidneys
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The Blood Delivers nutrients to the working muscles and it takes away the dead blood cells and
delivers it to the kidneys for waste products
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Also the blood carries the white blood cells to fight diseases
and also to carry components that stop bleeding by clotting when you have a cut or scab so that it
does not get infected and cause it to cause serious damage
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A damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a fibrin clot
to assist the repair of the damaged vessel
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The
Plasma components also known as coagulation factors respond to form fibrin strands which
strengthen the platelet plug
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The blood delivers CO2 to the lungs for exhalation
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They deliver things like dead blood cells and carbon dioxide to the
kidneys for removing them as waste
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It is supplied mostly through carbohydrates and the fats
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Working Muscles demand considerably
more oxygen and nutrients
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It Consists of the heart, blood vessels
and the approx 5 litres of the blood that the blood vessels that are in your body transport them
around the body
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G
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) The Cardiovascular system is powered by the bodies hardest working organ which is the
heart and its the size of a closed fist
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The
Second loops is basically for the heart to deliver the 5 litres of blood with the nutrients to all the
body tissue and muscles in the working body
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The Capillaries are one cell thick so that the blood can easily squeeze through to deliver the
nutrients and the oxygen to the working muscles and tissues around the body
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