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Title: Biology 108 Chapter 5
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
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911
The Working Cell
Some basic energy concepts
● Energy makes the world go around
○ What is energy
■ The capacity to perform work
● Energy can be changed from one form to another
○ Conservation of energy: Cannot be created or destroyed
Entropy
● Heat
○ Is a type of kinetic energy
○ Is a product of all energy conversions
● Scientists use the term entropy as a measure of disorder or randomness
○ All energy conversions increase the entropy of the universe
Chemical Energy
● Chemical energy
○ Is a form of potential energy
○ Is found in food, gasoline, and other fuels
● Living cells and automobile engines use the same basic process to make chemical
energy do work
Food calories
● a calorie is the amount of energy that raises the temperature of one gram of water by
one degree celsius
● Calories are very small units of energy
○ Not practical for measuring the energy in food
● A food calorie (capital C) is actually a kilocalorie
○ 1,000 calories
● Foods with the most CH bonds
○ Store the most potential energy
○ Have the most calories
○ Make the most ATP
Cellular respiration
● Is the energy releasing chemical breakdown of fuel molecules
● Provides energy for the cell to do work
● A series of energy transferring chemical reactions
● The chemical bonds in food are broken down
● The energy in those bonds is shifted to the bonds in ATP
○ ATP is the energy currency in all cells
■ Adenosine Triphosphate
● About 40% of the energy in food is transferred to ATP
○ The remainder becomes heat
The ATP Cycle
● Cellular work spends on atp
Induced Fit
● Each enzyme is very selective
○ It catalyzes specific reactions
● Each enzyme recognizes a specific substrate
○ The active site fits to the substrate and the enzyme changes shape slightly
○ This interaction is called induced fit
● Enzymes can function over and over again
○ This is a key characteristic of enzymes
Enzyme Inhibitors
● Can inhibit a metabolic reaction
● Some bind to the active site as substrate imposters
● Bind at a remote site, changing the enzyme’s shape
Cells control:
● The flow of energy
● The pace of chemical reactions
● The flow of materials to and from the environment
○ Importing nutrients
○ Exporting waste
Membrane Function
● Working cells must control the flow of materials to and from the environment
○ Membrane proteins helps with this task
● Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions
Passive transport: Diffusion Across Membranes
● Molecules contain heat energy
○ They vibrate and wander randomly
● Diffusion is one result of the movement of molecules
○ Molecules tend to spread into the available space
○ Diffusion is passive transport, no energy is needed
● Another type of passive transport is facilitated diffusion, the transport of some
substances by specific transport proteins that act as selective corridors
Osmosis and Water Balance in Cells
● Osmosis
is the passive transport of
water
across a selectively permeable membrane
● A hypertonic solution
○ Has a higher concentration of solute than at equilibrium
● A hypotonic solution
○ Has a lower concentration of solute
● An isotonic solution
○ Has an equal concentration of solute
Water Balance in Animal Cells
● The survival of a cell depends on its ability to balance water uptake and loss
○ Too much water: Lysing
■ Red blood cell bursts
○ Too little water: Shriveled
■ The red blood cell shrivels
● Osmoregulation is the control of water balance in animals
In plant cells:
● Plant survives better with hypertonic solution
● Water balance is different
○ They have rigid cell walls
○ They are at the mercy of the environment
Active transport:
● The pumping of molecules across membranes
○ Active transport requires energy to move molecules across a membrane
The traffic of large molecules
● Exocytosis
○ Secretes substances outside of the cell
● Endocytosis
○ Takes material into the cell
○ Receptor mediated endocytosis
■ Is triggered by the binding of external molecules to membrane proteins
The role of membranes in cell signaling
● Cellular communication
○ Begins with the reception of an extracellular signal
● The signal transduction pathway
○ Consists of proteins and other molecules that relay the signal
Title: Biology 108 Chapter 5
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama