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Title: Biology 108 Chapter 6
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
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Cellular Respiration
● Energy flow and chemical cycling in the biosphere
○ Animals depend on plants to convert solar energy to:
■ Chemical energy of sugars
■ Other molecules we consume as food
○ Photosynthesis
: Uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process
that makes organic molecules
● Producers and consumers
○ Plants and other autotrophs (selffeeders)
■ Make their own organic matter from inorganic materials
○ Heterotrophs
(other feeders)
■ Include humans and other animals that cannot make organic molecules
from inorganic ones
○ Autotrophs are producers because ecosystems depend on them for food
○ Heterotrophs are consumers because they eat plants or other animals
● The metabolic pathway of cellular respiration
○ C 12 6
H + 6O
→ 6CO
= 6H
O + ATP
6 O
2
2
2
■ Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
○ 6CO
+ 6H
O → C 12 6
H + 6O
2
2
6 O
2
■ Carbon Dioxide + water → Photosynthesis → Glucose + Oxygen Gas
● Overall equation for photosynthesis
■ Notice the glucose used in CR is a product of photosynthesis
...
CO
is a substrate in photosynthesis and a product of
2
CR
● Chemical cycling between photosynthesis and cellular respiration
○ The ingredients for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water
■ CD is obtained from the air by a plant’s leaves
■ Water is obtained from the damp soil by a plant’s roots
○ Chloroplasts in the cells of leaves
■ Use light energy to rearrange the atoms of CO
and H
O which produces
2
2
● Sugars (glucose)
● Other organic molecules
● Oxygen
○ Plant and animal cells perform
cellular respiration
a chemical process that:
■ Primarily occurs in the mitochondria
■ Harvests energy stored in organic molecules
■ Uses oxygen
■ Generates ATP
○ The waste products of cellular respiration are
■ CO
and H
O
2
2
■ Used in photosynthesis
○ Animals perform ONLY cellular respiration
○ Plants perform photosynthesis AND CR
●
●
●
●
Cellular Respiration:
Aerobic
harvest of food energy
○ Cellular respiration
■ The main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted
to ATP
■ This is an AEROBIC process→ Requires oxygen
Aerobic metabolism
○ Occurs when enough oxygen reaches cells to support their energy needs
Anaerobic metabolism
○ Occurs when when demand for oxygen is greater than the body’s ability to deliver
it
The Metabolic Pathway of Cellular Respiration
○ Cellular respiration is an example of a metabolic pathway
■ A series of chemical reactions in cells
○ All of the reactions involved in cellular respiration can be grouped into 3 main
stages
■ Glycolysis
● A 6carbon glucose molecule is split in half to form 2 molecules of
pyruvic acid
○ Pyruvate must be moved from the cytoplasm into the
mitochondria for aerobic respiration
■ Pyruvic acid loses a carbon as CO
2
■ Oxidation of the fuel generates NADH
■ Acetic acid attaches to coenzyme A
■ Acetyl CoA
+
● These 22 molecules then donate high energy electrons to NAD
forming NADH
● Uses 2 ATP molecules per glucose to split the sixcarbon glucose
○ Makes 4 additional ATP directly when enzymes transfer
phosphate groups from fuel molecules to ADP
● Thus, glycolysis produces a
net of 2
molecules of ATP per
glucose molecule
■ Citric Acid
(Krebs Cycle)
● Extracts the energy of sugar by breaking the acetic acid molecules
all the way down to CO
2
● Uses some of this energy to make ATP
● Forms NADH and FADH
2
■ Electron Transport
● Electron transport releases the energy your cells need to make the
most of their ATP
○ 3236 ATP made
● The molecules of electron transport chains are built into the inner
membranes of mitochondria
○
●
●
●
●
●
The chain functions as a chemical machine that uses
energy released by the ‘fall’ of electrons to pump hydrogen
ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
○ These hydrogen ions store potential energy
○ This is where the O
you breathe is used
2
● When the hydrogen ions flow back through the membrane, they
release energy
○ The hydrogen ions flow through
ATP synthase
■ Takes the energy from this flow
■ Synthesizes ATP
● Cyanide is a deadly poison that:
○ Binds to one of the protein complexes in the electron
transport chain
○ Prevents the passage of electrons to oxygen
○ Stops the production of ATP
■ Stopping you lol
NADH and Electron transport chains
○ The path that electrons take on their way down from glucose to oxygen involves
many stops
The Versatility of Cellular Respiration
○ Cellular respiration can “burn” other kinds of molecules besides glucose
■ Diverse types of carbohydrates
■ Fats
■ Proteins
KNOW HOW TO INTERPRET SLIDE ABOUT GLYCEROL ENTERING AND PROTEINS
ENTERING
Adding Up the ATP From CR
○ Glycolysis = 2 net ATP
○ Citric Acid = 2 net ATP
○ Electron transport = 34 ATP molecules
○ Aerobic respiration results in ~ 38 ATP molecules
○ Anaerobic respiration goes only through glycolysis generating 2 ATP molecules
Fermentation: Anaerobic harvest of food energy
○ Some of your cells can work for short periods without oxygen
■ For example, muscle cells can produce ATP under anaerobic conditions
○ Fermentation
■ The anaerobic harvest of food energy
○ Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that provides ATP during fermentation
■ In human muscle cells, lactic acid is a byproduct
■ “feeling the burn”
● When you exercise
○ Muscles need energy in order to perform work
○
○
Your cells use oxygen to release energy from the sugar
glucose
● Anaerobic Metabolism (human)
○ without enough oxygen muscle cells break down glucose
to produce lactic acid
○ Lactic acid is associated with the “burn” you feel after
heavy exercise
○ If too much lactic acid builds up, your muscles give out
● Physical conditioning allows your body to adapt to increased
activity
Fermentation in microorganisms
■ Fermentation alone is able to sustain many types of microorganisms
■ The lactic acid is produced by microbes using fermentation is used to
produce
● Cheese, sour cream, and yogurt dairy products
● Soy sauce, pickles, olives
● Sausage meat products
■ Yeast are a type of microscopic fungus that
● Use a different type of fermentation
● Produce CO
and ethyl alcohol instead of lactic acid
2
■ This type of fermenation called alcoholic fermentation is used to produce
● Beer
● Wine
● Breads
Title: Biology 108 Chapter 6
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama