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Title: Biology 108 Chapter 9
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
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Genetics
● Testing your unborn baby
○ Allows expectant parents to test for possibilities in their unborn child
○ Includes amniocentesis and CVS
○ Has risks associated with it
● Gregor Mendel
○ Was the first person to analyze patterns of inheritance
○ Deduced the fundamental principles of genetics
○ Studied sweet peas
■ These plants are easily manipulated
■ Can self fertilize
○ 4 characteristics of a good research model
■ Readily available
■ Cost effective
■ Short generation time
■ Easily manipulated
○ He created
truebreeding
varieties of plants
○ Mendel then crossed two different truebreeding varieties creating
hybrids
○ The offspring from these crosses are called the first
filial (F
) generation
1
● Monohybrid Crosses
○ A monohybrid cross is a cross between parent plants that differ in only one
characteristic
■ ¾ offspring will have dominant gene
■ ¼ offspring will have recessive gene
● 4 Hypothesis
○ There are alternative forms of genes, the units that determine heritable traits
○ For each inherited character, an organism inherits 2 alleles, one from each
parent
○ If the 2 alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organism’s
appearance and is called the
dominant
allele, the other has no noticeable effect
on the organism’s appearance and is called the
recessive
allele
○ A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited character because the
two members of an allele pair separate from each other during the production of
gametes (
independent assortment
)
● Genetic Alleles and Homologous Chromosomes
○ Homologous chromosomes
■ Have genes at specific loci
■ Have alleles of a gene at the same locus
● Homozygous
○ When an organism has identical alleles for a gene
● Heterozygous
○ When an organism has different alleles for a gene
● Phenotype
●
●
●
●
●
●
○ An organism’s physical traits
Genotype
○ An organism’s genetic makeup
○ There should be 2 alleles of each gene
An explanation of Mendel’s results, including a punnett square
Abnormalities in Mendel’s Studies
○ ABO Blood Groups:
■ An Example of Multiple Allele and Codominance
■ 2 of the human blood type alleles (A and B) exhibit codominance
● Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype as they share
dominance
■ A→ AntiB
● Chocolate
■ B→ AntiA
● Sprinkles
■ AB→ No antibodies
● Both
■ O→ AntiA AND AntiB
● Glazed
○ Pleiotropy and Sickle cell Disease
■ Pleiotropy is the impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic
● Sickle cell disease is an example
Polygenetic inheritance
○ A trait is controlled by two or more genes
Nature vs Nurture
○ Effect of environment
■ Phenotype is the result of the interaction between genotype and the
environment
■ Some genes are affected more by the environment than others→ Even
identical twins will end up with phenotypic differences as a result of their
unique experience
■ In humans, nutrition affects height, exercise alters build, experience
improves IQ scores, etc
Title: Biology 108 Chapter 9
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama