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Title: Biology 108 Chapters 8, 11
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
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Cell reproduction
● What cell reproduction accomplishes
○ Reproduction
■ May result in the birth of organisms
■ More commonly involves the production of new cells
○ When a cell undergoes reproduction, 2 daughter cells are produced that are
genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell
○ Before a parent cell splits into 2 , it duplicates its chromosomes, the structures
that contain most of the organism's DNA
○ During cell division, each daughter cell receives one set of chromosomes
○ Cell division plays important roles in the lives of organisms
● Cell division
○ Replaces damaged or lost cells
○ Permits growth
○ Allows for reproduction
● In asexual reproduction
○ Single celled organisms reproduce by simple cell division
○ There is no fertilization of an egg by a sperm
● Some multicellular organisms such as sea stars can grow new individuals from
fragmented pieces
● Growing a new plant from a clipping is another example of asexual reproduction
● In asexuala reproductioin, the lone parent and its offspring have identical genes
● Mitosis is the type of cell division responsible for:
○ Asexual reproduction
○ Growth and maintenance of multicellular organisms
● Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm using a special type of
cell division called meiosis
● Thus, sexually reproducing organisms use:
○ Meiosis
○ Mitosis for growth and maintenance
● The cell cycle and mitosis
● The number of chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell depends on the species
● The cell Cycle
○ Eukaryotic cells that divide undergo an orderly sequence of events called the cell
cycle
○ The cell cycle consists of 2 distinct phases
■ Interphase
● A cell:
○ Performs its normal functions
○ Doubles everything in its cytoplasm
○ Grows in size
■ Mitosis consists of 4 distinct phases
● Prophase 1
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
○ Early mitotic spindles
○ Chromosomes w/ 2 sister chromatids
○ Centrosomes
Prophase 2
○ Fragment of nuclear envelope
○ Spindle microtubules
Metaphase
○ Chromosomes line up in the middle attached to spindles
Anaphase
○ Daughter chromosomes split in half, going toward opposite
poles
Telophase and Cytokinesis
○ New nuclear envelope forms
○ Cleavage furrow forms
■ Called a cell plate in plant cells
○ Cytokinesis
■ Typically occurs during telophase
■ Divides the cytoplasm
■ Is different in plant and animal cells
Meiosis
○ Each sperm or egg produced in your reproductive organs carries chromosomes
Gametes and the life cycle of a sexual organisms
○ The life cycle of a multicellular organism is the sequence of stages leading from
the adults of one generation to the next
■ Hiploid gametes
■ Diploid gametes
Homologous hormones
○ Different organisms of the same species have the same number and types of
chromosomes
○ A somatic cell
■ A typical body cell
■ Has 46 chromosomes in a human
○ In somatic cells, matching cells are called homologs
■ Each member of the pair is inherited by a different parent
■ There are two copies of every gene
■ Each version of the gene is called an allele
○ Humans are diploid organisms
■ Their cells contain two sets of chromosomes
■ Their gametes are haploid
○ The karyotype
■ A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number,
size, and type
●
○
●
●
The chromosomes are arrested in the metaphase stage of mitosis,
photographed and organized
Humans have
■ Two different sex chromosomes, X and Y (1 pair)
■ 22 pairs of matching chromosomes, called
autosomes
■ This makes up the 23 pairs (or 46) chromosomes in each somatic (or
body) cell
○ The sexual life cycle requires an alternation of diploid and haploid cells
The Process of Meiosis
○ In meiosis
■ Haploid gametes are produced in diploid organisms
■ Two consecutive divisions occur, meiosis I and meiosis II, preceded by
interphase
■ Crossing over occurs
○ Meiosis I – Homologous chromosomes separate
■ Crossing Over
■ Independent assortment
When Meiosis goes awry
○ Down’s Syndrome
■ Is a condition where an individual has an extra chromosome 21
■ Also called trisomy 21
■ The incidence increases with the age of the mother
○ Accidents during meiosis can alter chromosome number
■ In nondisjunction
■ The members of a chromosome pair fail to separate during anaphase
■ Gametes with an incorrect number of chromosomes are produced
■ Nondisjunction also affects the sex chromosomes
...
Kleinfelter’s Syndrome: XXY
○ A male sterile
○ Small testes, slightly enlarged breasts
● Ex
Title: Biology 108 Chapters 8, 11
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama