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Title: Biology 108 Chapter 14
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
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How Biological Diversity Evolves
● Microevolution and Macroevolution
○ Microevolution
■ Changes in allele frequencies within populations
■ Often associated with adaptation
■ Can be measured from one generation to the next
○ Macroevolution
■ Major changes in the history of life
■ Origin of new species
■ Generates biological diversity
● Biological Species Concept
○ A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to
interbreed with one another in nature to produce fertile offspring, reproductively
isolated from other such groups
● How do new species form?
○ The gene pools of two or more populations must be separated from one another
○ Allopatric Speciation
■ Species evolve in geographic isolation
■ Usuallt associated with a geographic barrier, preventing members of two
populations from mating with one another
■ Involves independent evolution of the populations after the barrier arises
■ Geographic barriers like deep canyonns and oceans can isolate
populations
...
Keeping those subdivisions isolated requires
special circumstances
● Segregation of habitat
● Major alterations in mate recognition or behavior
● Genetic incompatibility
■ Accidents during cell division that lead to extra chromosome sets are one
mechanism of sympatric speciation
●
●
●
●
■ Polyploidy
is the condition of having extra sets of chromosomes
Polyploid Plants
○ Some polyploid plants have more than one parent species
○ Botanists estimate that about 80% of modern plants are descendants of polyploid
reproduction
Pace of Speciation
○ Gradualism
■ Mechanism envisioned by darwinism
■ Slow and steady accumulation of small changes leads to production of
species over vast stretches of time
■ Leads to the prediction that the fossil record should show numerous forms
in a continuous series of change from ancestral to descendant species
■ Fossil record
● Unfortunately the fossil record does not support the hypothesis
that speciation occurs as a gradual proces
○ Fossil species show remarkable consistency of form over
long periods of time
○ New Species appear suddenly
○ Old species disappear suddenly
○ Punctuated Equilibruim
■ Mechanism proposed by Eldredge and Gould
■ Species diverge in spurts of rapid change followed by long periods of
stasis
■ Leads to the prediction that the fossil record should show the most drastic
changes in appearance at the time that the new species branch from
parent species
○ Evolutionary Change
■ Evolution incorportates both gradual and punctuated episodes
● Gradual changes include microevolution
○ These changes may not be preserved in the fossil record
● Rapid changes include macroevolutionary events
○ Because “rapid” changes can take thousands of years,
many have resulted from microevolutionary processes
Maintaining Separation
○ Regardless of how gene pools are separated originally, id the new species is to
endure, it must maintain the integrity and separation of its gene pool
■ Many populations that are separated from other members of their species
for some time later merge with other populations, preventing them from
becoming new species
Reproductive Barriers
○ Prezygotic Barriers
■ Temporal Isolation
● Same place, different mating times
■
Habitat isolation
● Even though they occupy the same geographic area, animals
occupy different habitats
■ Behavioral isolation
● Complex courtship
○ Bc other species cannot mimic these behaviors, the animal
species will stay separate
■ Mechanical isolation
● Differences in the body shapes prevent different species from
mating
○ Snails
■ Gametic Isolation
● Proteins on the surface of sperm and egg cannot bind together
○ Sea urchin
○ Postzygotic barriers prevent survival or reproduction of hybrid offspring
■ Hybrid inviability
● The offspring fail to complete development and is never born
keeping the gene pools separate
■ Hybrid sterility
● The hybrid is born, but cannot reproduce
■ Hybrid breakdown
● THe first generation of hybrids may be both viable and fertile, but
the offspring of these hybrids are weak, feeble, or sterile
○ Domesticated rice strains
● Evolutionary development
○ The scientific interface between evolutionary biology and the study of embryonic
development
■ Has uncovered evidence of how slight genetic divergences can produce
major differences between species
■ Mutations in the genes that control the timing, rate, and spatial pattern of
developmental events can cause dramatic changes in phenotype
○ Humans and chimpanzees look a great deal alike during fetal development
...
5 bilion years ago
Increasing complexity
○ Tappania
Cambrian Explosion
○ Burgess Shale
Plants
○ First land plants were moss like and appear in deposits from the Ordovician
■ These plants formed a ground hugging carpent
Title: Biology 108 Chapter 14
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama
Description: Non-major biology course Christine Yates University of Alabama