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Title: Energetics and Thermochemistry Notes
Description: IB Grade 12 Chemistry SCH4UC
Description: IB Grade 12 Chemistry SCH4UC
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Unit 1: Energetics/Thermochemistry
Thermochemistry:
• The study of the energy changes that accompany physical or chemical changes in
matter
Chemical System:
• A set of reactants and products under study, usually represented by a chemical
equation
Surrounding:
• All matter around the system that is capable of absorbing or releasing thermal
energy
Chemical Energy:
• Name given to the form of potential energy that arises from chemical bonds
• Intramolecular bonds
• Exothermic Reaction:
o Release energy
o Bond making
o Reactant > products
o Negative ΔH
• Endothermic Reaction:
o Absorb energy
o Bond breaking
o Products > reactants
o Positive ΔH
SI energy unit is the joule, J
• 1 J = 1 kg m2/s2
• 1000 J = 1 kJ
• 4
...
02 × 1023 molecules gives the molar heat content of the
molar enthalpy
o Change in enthalpy, ΔH
→ Related to energy absorbs or released to the surroundings when a
system changes from reactants to products
→ Enthalpy changes of a system equals the quantity of heat that flows
from the system to its surroundings, or from the surroundings to the
system
→ ΔH (change in potential energy of the system) equals the change in
kinetic energy of the surroundings, q
→ ΔHsystem = ±qsurroundings
→ Physical changes have magnitudes of 100 to 102 kJ/mol
→ Chemical changes have magnitudes of 102 to 104 kJ/mol
→ Nuclear reactions have magnitudes of 106 to 1012 kJ/mol
Molar Enthalpies
• The energy change per mole of a substance undergoing a change
o ΔH represents the difference between the enthalpy of the system at the
beginning of the reaction compared to what it is at the end of the reaction
→ ΔH = Hproducts − Hreactants
o Two possibilities:
1
...
Reactant heat content is greater than products (−ΔH)
• Enthalpies of Reaction (ΔHr)
2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O ΔH = -‐483
...
6 kJ
• 3 assumptions often used in calorimetry:
1
...
Any heat absorbed by the calorimeter materials is negligible
3
...
91 g/mol, is used in a common
refrigerant to cool your food to prevent it from decaying
...
99 kJ/mol
...
99 kJ
1 kg
= 289
...
Calorimetry
2
...
ΔH°c
4
...
Enthalpy and Bond Energies
6
...
Enthalpy Changes in Solutions
Standard Enthalpies of Formation, ΔH°f
• Formation reactions represent the synthesis of a compound from their elements
Standard: elements
2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)
in standard state, and
H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l) ß one mole of product
• Applying heats of formation to solve heats of reaction:
o Formation reaction: elements in standard state yielding one mole of product
→ ΔHrxn = Hp − Hr
→ ΔH°reaction = Σ(ΔH°f(products)) − Σ(ΔH°f(reactants))
o Using formation data table (not in data booklet)
Standard Enthalpies of Combustion, ΔH°c
• When one mole of the compound undergoes complete combustion in excess oxygen
o ALWAYS exothermic
• Applying heats of combustion to solve heats of reaction:
o ΔHrxn = Hp − Hr
o ΔH°reaction = Σ(ΔH°c(reactants)) − Σ(ΔH°c(products))
→ Reverse of formation!!
Unit 1: Energetics/Thermochemistry
o Using combustion data table (in data booklet)
Hess’ Law
• If a set of reactions occurs in different steps, but the initial reactants and final
products are the same, the overall enthalpy change is the same
o If you start and end with the same stuff, the path to getting there is irrelevant
• Potential energy diagram:
• Hess’ Law states: the value of the ΔH for any reaction that can be written in step
equals the sum of the values of ΔH for each of the individual steps
...
o ΔHoverall = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + … + ΔHx
• Two rules:
1
...
If the coefficients of a chemical equation are altered by multiplying or
dividing, then the ΔH is altered in the same way
Enthalpy and Bond Energies
• Basic rules:
1
...
Energy is released when bonds form
• Bond enthalpy: the name for heat energy absorbed at constant pressure when a
chemical bond is broken
• Examples:
C
C 348 kJ/mol Progressively
C O 327 kJ/mol
C = C
612 kJ/mol
stronger
C = O
804 kJ/mol
C C
837 kJ/mol
• Double bond has stronger,
• Universe favours
greater attraction
single bond over
double because more
x
x
energy is needed to
N x N
N x F
break as there are
• N−N is stronger: both
more bonds
nuclei has equal 50%
• 612 kJ is less than 2×
attraction for electrons
single bond (696 kJ),
so it has a tendency
H x Cl
• Stronger acid =
to break down in
x
weaker bond
room temperature to
H x Br
x
• Strength of acid
two single bonds
depends on
since two single
x
H x I
negativity of
bonds would be
bonds
stronger than one
double bond
Unit 1: Energetics/Thermochemistry
•
•
Bond energy calculations for enthalpy changes are close to, but not identical to those
obtained experimentally
...
Element to gases (ΔH° of atomization)
2
...
Metal atoms to cations (ionization energy)
• Lattice enthalpy is the energy required to convert one mole of the solid compound
into gaseous ions (endothermic)
o Can’t do this directly so use other energy amounts to calculate lattice energy
• Atomization + E
...
+ I
...
= ΔH°f + L
...
• Magnitude of the lattice enthalpy depends on:
1
...
Charge (increased charge, increased lattice enthalpy)
Unit 1: Energetics/Thermochemistry
Enthalpy Changes in Solutions
• ΔH°sol is the change in enthalpy when 1 mole of a substance is dissolved in a large
excess of a pure solvent
• ΔHsol = ΔHlattice enthalpy + ΔHhydration
o Be careful: two ions for ΔHhydration
• Hydration: when water
• Solvation: anything else
Title: Energetics and Thermochemistry Notes
Description: IB Grade 12 Chemistry SCH4UC
Description: IB Grade 12 Chemistry SCH4UC