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Title: Energetics and Thermochemistry Notes
Description: IB Grade 12 Chemistry SCH4UC

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Unit  1:    Energetics/Thermochemistry  
Thermochemistry:      
• The  study  of  the  energy  changes  that  accompany  physical  or  chemical  changes  in  
matter  
Chemical  System:      
• A  set  of  reactants  and  products  under  study,  usually  represented  by  a  chemical  
equation  
Surrounding:  
• All  matter  around  the  system  that  is  capable  of  absorbing  or  releasing  thermal  
energy  
Chemical  Energy:  
• Name  given  to  the  form  of  potential  energy  that  arises  from  chemical  bonds  
• Intramolecular  bonds  
• Exothermic  Reaction:  
o Release  energy  
o Bond  making  
o Reactant  >  products  
o Negative  ΔH  
• Endothermic  Reaction:  
o Absorb  energy  
o Bond  breaking  
o Products  >  reactants  
o Positive  ΔH  
SI  energy  unit  is  the  joule,  J  
• 1  J  =  1  kg  m2/s2  
• 1000  J  =  1  kJ  
• 4
...
02  ×  1023  molecules  gives  the  molar  heat  content  of  the  
molar  enthalpy  
o Change  in  enthalpy,  ΔH  
→ Related  to  energy  absorbs  or  released  to  the  surroundings  when  a  
system  changes  from  reactants  to  products  
→ Enthalpy  changes  of  a  system  equals  the  quantity  of  heat  that  flows  
from  the  system  to  its  surroundings,  or  from  the  surroundings  to  the  
system  
→ ΔH  (change  in  potential  energy  of  the  system)  equals  the  change  in  
kinetic  energy  of  the  surroundings,  q  
→ ΔHsystem  =  ±qsurroundings  
→ Physical  changes  have  magnitudes  of  100  to  102  kJ/mol  
→ Chemical  changes  have  magnitudes  of  102  to  104  kJ/mol  
→ Nuclear  reactions  have  magnitudes  of  106  to  1012  kJ/mol  
Molar  Enthalpies  
• The  energy  change  per  mole  of  a  substance  undergoing  a  change  
o ΔH  represents  the  difference  between  the  enthalpy  of  the  system  at  the  
beginning  of  the  reaction  compared  to  what  it  is  at  the  end  of  the  reaction  
→ ΔH  =  Hproducts  −  Hreactants    
o Two  possibilities:  
1
...
Reactant  heat  content  is  greater  than  products  (−ΔH)  
• Enthalpies  of  Reaction  (ΔHr)  
2  H2  +  O2  →  2  H2O   ΔH  =  -­‐483
...
6  kJ
• 3  assumptions  often  used  in  calorimetry:  
1
...
Any  heat  absorbed  by  the  calorimeter  materials  is  negligible  
3
...
91  g/mol,  is  used  in  a  common  
refrigerant  to  cool  your  food  to  prevent  it  from  decaying
...
99  kJ/mol
...
99  kJ
1  kg
= 289
...
Calorimetry  
2
...
ΔH°c  
4
...
Enthalpy  and  Bond  Energies  
6
...
Enthalpy  Changes  in  Solutions  
 
Standard  Enthalpies  of  Formation,  ΔH°f  
• Formation  reactions  represent  the  synthesis  of  a  compound  from  their  elements  
 
Standard:    elements  
2  H2(g)  +  O2(g)  →  2  H2O(l)  
in  standard  state,  and  
H2(g)  +  ½  O2(g)  →  H2O(l)   ß one  mole  of  product  
 
   
• Applying  heats  of  formation  to  solve  heats  of  reaction:  
o Formation  reaction:    elements  in  standard  state  yielding  one  mole  of  product  
→ ΔHrxn  =  Hp  −  Hr  
→ ΔH°reaction  =  Σ(ΔH°f(products))  −  Σ(ΔH°f(reactants))    
o Using  formation  data  table  (not  in  data  booklet)  
Standard  Enthalpies  of  Combustion,  ΔH°c  
• When  one  mole  of  the  compound  undergoes  complete  combustion  in  excess  oxygen  
o ALWAYS  exothermic    
• Applying  heats  of  combustion  to  solve  heats  of  reaction:  
o ΔHrxn  =  Hp  −  Hr  
o ΔH°reaction  =  Σ(ΔH°c(reactants))  −  Σ(ΔH°c(products))    
→ Reverse  of  formation!!  

Unit  1:    Energetics/Thermochemistry  
o Using  combustion  data  table  (in  data  booklet)  

Hess’  Law  
• If  a  set  of  reactions  occurs  in  different  steps,  but  the  initial  reactants  and  final  
products  are  the  same,  the  overall  enthalpy  change  is  the  same  
o If  you  start  and  end  with  the  same  stuff,  the  path  to  getting  there  is  irrelevant  
• Potential  energy  diagram:  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• Hess’  Law  states:    the  value  of  the  ΔH  for  any  reaction  that  can  be  written  in  step  
equals  the  sum  of  the  values  of  ΔH  for  each  of  the  individual  steps
...
 
o ΔHoverall  =  ΔH1  +  ΔH2  +  …  +  ΔHx  
• Two  rules:  
1
...
If  the  coefficients  of  a  chemical  equation  are  altered  by  multiplying  or  
dividing,  then  the  ΔH  is  altered  in  the  same  way  
Enthalpy  and  Bond  Energies  
• Basic  rules:  
1
...
Energy  is  released  when  bonds  form  
• Bond  enthalpy:    the  name  for  heat  energy  absorbed  at  constant  pressure  when  a  
chemical  bond  is  broken  
• Examples:  
 
C    
                 C   348  kJ/mol   Progressively  
 C                                O   327  kJ/mol  
             C  =  C  
612  kJ/mol  
stronger  
         C  =  O  
804  kJ/mol  
               C      C  
837  kJ/mol  
 
• Double  bond  has  stronger,  
• Universe  favours  
 
greater  attraction  
single  bond  over  
 
double  because  more  
 
x  
x  
energy  is  needed  to  
N   x   N  
 
N   x   F  
 
break  as  there  are  
• N−N  is  stronger:  both  
 
more  bonds  
nuclei  has  equal  50%  
 
• 612  kJ  is  less  than  2×  
attraction  for  electrons  
 
single  bond  (696  kJ),  
 
so  it  has  a  tendency  
  H   x   Cl  
• Stronger  acid  =  
to  break  down  in  
x  
   
weaker  bond  
room  temperature  to  
  H   x   Br  
x  
• Strength  of  acid  
two  single  bonds  
 
depends  on  
since  two  single  
x  
H   x   I  
negativity  of  
bonds  would  be  
bonds  
stronger  than  one  
double  bond  

Unit  1:    Energetics/Thermochemistry  



 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Bond  energy  calculations  for  enthalpy  changes  are  close  to,  but  not  identical  to  those  
obtained  experimentally
...
Element  to  gases  (ΔH°  of  atomization)  
2
...
Metal  atoms  to  cations  (ionization  energy)  
• Lattice  enthalpy  is  the  energy  required  to  convert  one  mole  of  the  solid  compound  
into  gaseous  ions  (endothermic)  
o Can’t  do  this  directly  so  use  other  energy  amounts  to  calculate  lattice  energy  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
• Atomization  +  E
...
 +  I
...
 =  ΔH°f  +  L
...
 
• Magnitude  of  the  lattice  enthalpy  depends  on:  
1
...
Charge  (increased  charge,  increased  lattice  enthalpy)  

Unit  1:    Energetics/Thermochemistry  
Enthalpy  Changes  in  Solutions  
• ΔH°sol  is  the  change  in  enthalpy  when  1  mole  of  a  substance  is  dissolved  in  a  large  
excess  of  a  pure  solvent  
• ΔHsol  =  ΔHlattice  enthalpy  +  ΔHhydration  
o Be  careful:    two  ions  for  ΔHhydration  
• Hydration:  when  water  
• Solvation:  anything  else  
 


Title: Energetics and Thermochemistry Notes
Description: IB Grade 12 Chemistry SCH4UC