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Title: Plant Reproduction
Description: Extensive notes on plant reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction, the parts of the flower, cross,insect, wind and animal pollination. Plant fertilisation and seed dispersal.
Description: Extensive notes on plant reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction, the parts of the flower, cross,insect, wind and animal pollination. Plant fertilisation and seed dispersal.
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Plant Fertilization Notes
Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction is the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring (clones)
from one parent, without the fusion of gametes
...
●
Advantages
o
o
●
Offspring may inherit beneficial qualities from both parents
There is greater genetic variation, allowing better adaptation to environment changes
Disadvantages
o
Two parents required (except plants with bisexual flowers)
o
Fusion of gametes is required
o
Slower method of producing offspring
Parts of a Flower
Flowers may occur singularly or in clusters (inflorescences)
...
In
insectpollinated plants, they are brightly colored to attract the insects and there’s a platform for
insects to land on
...
Some flowers have an even outer layer that forms the
epicalyx
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●
Receptacle Enlarged end of the pedicel that bears the other parts of the flower
...
o
Anther The anther consists of two lobes
...
When the anther matures, it splits to release the pollen grains
...
Each pollen grain contains
a male gamete (nucleus of pollen grain)
...
o
●
Filament Stalk that holds the anther such that it can disperse the pollen
...
o
Stigma Swollen structure at the end of the style
...
The
mature stigma secretes a sugary fluid that stimulates germination in pollen grains
...
o
Ovary The ovary is the structure that will develop into a fruit after fertilization
...
Ovules produce ovum
through meiosis and the ovum is haploid
...
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
...
●
Features
o
Flowers are bisexual with anthers and stigmas maturing at the same time
...
o
Some flowers do not open (cleistogamous) and only selfpollination can occur in these
flowers
...
o
The offspring inherits its genes from the parent plant and beneficial qualities are more
likely to be passed down
...
o
Since the anthers are close to the stigma, there is a higher probability that pollination
will occur
...
Disadvantages
o
Less genetic variation in the offspring and the species is less well adapted to changes
in the environment
...
o
Continual selfpollination leads to the offspring becoming weaker, smaller and less
resistant to diseases
...
●
Features
o
Dioecious plants (either male or female flowers only) cannot undergo selfpollination
...
o
The stigmas of the plants with bisexual flowers may be situated some distance away
from the anthers so that selfpollination is unlikely
...
o
More genetic varieties of offspring can be produced, increasing its survival in the
environment because any change is less likely to destroy all the varieties
...
o
Stronger seeds are produced and such seeds are capable of surviving longer before
germination
...
o
It depends on external factors
...
o
More energy and pollen is wasted
...
●
Epicalyx Encloses the base of the calyx, consisting of two green leaves
...
o
Standard petal Large, deep blue petal that has lines (nectar guides) to guide insects to
the nectar
...
o
Keel Petals Two small, yellowishgreen keel petals that enclose the reproductive
organs
...
The filaments of nine of
the stamens are fused together to form a trough (hollow tube) and this encloses the carpel
...
The tenth stamen is free
...
o
Style Long, curved and hairy structure
...
InsectPollination
1
...
2
...
3
...
4
...
The
stigma and anthers brush against the hairy back of the insect and some pollen grains will stick
to the hairy back of the insect
...
5
...
Structure of WindPollinated Flowers
●
Spikelet Each pair of flowers and the stalk form a spikelet
...
o
Pair of flowers Flowers occurs in pairs and they are each enclosed by transparent
flowering bracts
...
During reproduction,
the Iodicules swell and force the flowering bracts apart so that the stigmas and
anthers can emerge
...
Feature
Flowers
InsectPollinated flowers
WindPollinated flowers
Large and Brightlycolored to
Small and Dullcolored; No
attract insects
...
out of flower to provide large
surface area to volume ratio to
trap pollen
Stamens
Not pendulous and do not
Long pendulous filaments and
protrude out of flower
protruding anthers
...
Pollen
Fairly Abundant; Larger and with
Rough surfaces so that it clings
tiny and light so that it’s easily
to Insect’s body
...
Present
Absent
Plant Fertilization
1
...
2
...
The male gamete enters the pollen tube
...
As the pollen tube grows, it secretes enzymes to digest the surrounding tissue of the stigma and
style
...
4
...
5
...
6
...
7
...
The zygote forms the
embryo
...
The stamen and petals wither and fall off
...
Dispersion is necessary as it prevents overcrowding and competition for
limited resources, e
...
air, water and light
...
It also helps to colonize
new and favorable habitats and reduce disease spread
...
It has large, flattened
winglike structure of parachute structure, which increases air resistance and slows the fall of
the seed
...
g
...
●
Animal Fruits and seeds that are a food source for animals are dispersed through animals
...
Small, inedible seeds from the fruit are passed out or spat out from
the animal a distance away from the parent plant
...
The feces from the animals also act as fertilizer for the seeds
...
E
...
Tomato, Urena
Condition for Germination
●
Water Water hydrates the tissues of the seed and is needed for enzymatic hydrolysis so that
the germinated seed can respirate
...
●
Temperature Suitable temperature is needed for respiration and metabolic enzymes to work
Title: Plant Reproduction
Description: Extensive notes on plant reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction, the parts of the flower, cross,insect, wind and animal pollination. Plant fertilisation and seed dispersal.
Description: Extensive notes on plant reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction, the parts of the flower, cross,insect, wind and animal pollination. Plant fertilisation and seed dispersal.