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Title: Chapter 11
Description: College level course, Fundamentals of Accounting I, major course required for Business bachelor degree.
Description: College level course, Fundamentals of Accounting I, major course required for Business bachelor degree.
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The Corporate Form of Organization
corporation is created by law
two classifications of corporations:
by purpose by ownership
and
differentiates publicly and privately owned corp
>publicly held corporation may have thousands of stockholders, and its stock is traded on
national securities market such as the New York Stock Exchange
...
>privately held corporation, often referred to as a closely held corp, usually has only a
few stockholders and does not offer its stock for sale to the general public
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CORPORATION
● separate legal existence: as an entity separate and distant from its owners,
the corp acts under its own name rather than in the name of its
stockholders
● limited liability of stockholders: creditors ordinarily have recourse only to
corporate assets to satisfy their claims
...
transfer of stock is entirely at the
discretion of the stockholders
...
● continuous life: life is stated in charter
...
The chief executive officer(CEO) has
overall responsibility for managing the business
...
○ controller maintains; accounting records, an adequate system of
internal control, and preps financial statements, tax returns, and
internal reports
...
● Government regulations: state laws usually prescribe requirements for
issuing stock, distributions of earnings permitted to stockholders and
acceptable methods for buying stock back and retiring stock
● Additional Taxes: corps must pay federal and state income taxes as a
separate legal entity
...
Many argue that corporate income is
taxed twice (double
taxation)
once at the corporate level and again at the individual level
● other forms of business organization: S Corporation; allows for treatment
as a corp, but tax treatment as a partnership
...
The
bylaws
establish the internal
rules and procedures for conducting the affairs of the corp
...
STOCKHOLDERS RIGHTS
When a corp has only one class of stock it is called
common stock
...
Certificates
are prenumbered to ensure proper control over their use
...
The authorization of common stock does not result in a formal accounting entry
...
Direct issue is typical in closely held companies while indirectly is more common
with publicly held companies
...
Accounting for Issues of Common Stock: stockholders’ equity section of corps balance
sheet includes; paidin capital and retained earnings
...
The issuance of common stock
affects only paidin capital accounts
...
Journal Entry credit par value of the shares to Common Stock and records in a separate paidin
capital account the portion of the proceeds that is above or below par value
Cash
1,000
Common Stock
1,000
(to record issuance of 1,000 shares of $1 par common stock at par)
HydroSlide issues an additional 1,000 shares of the $1 par value common stock for cash at $5
per share
...
1
...
to increase trading of the comp’s stock in the securities market
...
3
...
to reduce the number of shares outstanding and thereby increase earnings per share
A less frequent reason for purchasing treasury share is to eliminate hostile shareholders by
buying them out
...
Treasury Stock decreases by same
amount when it is later sold
...
Balance Sheet (partial)
Stockholders’ equity
Paidin capital
Common Stock, $5 par value, 400,000 shares authorized,
100,000 shares issued and outstanding
$500,000
Retained earnings
200,000
Total stockholder’s equity
$700,000
Feb
...
Typically preferred stockholders have a
priority in relation to (1) dividends and (2) assets in the event of liquidation
...
Cash
12,000
Preferred Stock
100,000
Paidin capital in Excess of Par Value Preferred Stock
20,000
(to record issuance of 10,000 share of $10 par value preferred stock)
DIVIDENDS PREFERENCES
● preferred stockholders have the right to share in the distribution of
corporate income before common stockholders
...
○ Cumulative Dividend
■ this feature stipulates that preferred stockholders must be paid both
currentyear dividends and any unpaid prioryear dividends before
common stockholders
■ when preferred stock is cumulative, preferred dividends are not
declared in a given period dividends in arrears
...
No obligation exists until the board of
directors formally “declares” that the corp will pay a dividend
...
The preference to
assets may be for the par value of hte shares or for a specified liquidation value
...
Dividends
a dividend is a distribution by a corp to its stockholders on a pro rata basis
...
dividends are generally reported quarterly as a dollar amount per share
...
Cash dividends are
not paid on treasury shares
...
declaration of a cash dividend commits the corporation to a binding
legal obligation
...
1
Cash
50,000
Dividends Payable
50,000
(to rec declaration of cash dividend)
Record Date
Dec
...
20
Dividends Payable
50,000
Cash
50,000
(to rec payment of cash dividend)
*the cumulative effect of the declaration and payment of a cash dividend on a company’s
financial statements is to decrease both stockholders’ equity and total assets
...
you own more share of stock, but your ownership interest has not changed
...
Decreasing market price of stock
makes it easier for smaller investors to purchase shares
3) emphasize that the comp has permanently reinvested in the business a portion
of stockholders’ equity, which therefore is unavailable for cash dividends
...
a stock split does not have any effect on paidin capital, retained earnings and total
stockholders’ equity
...
Retained Earnings
when revenue exceed expenses,
net loss
does not debit net losses to paidin capital accounts
RETAINED EARNINGS RESTRICTIONS
comp generally disclose retained earnings restrictions in the notes to financial
statements
...
W/n paidin capital, two classifications are recognized:
1
...
Additional paidin capital,
excess of amounts paid in over par or stated value
Measuring Corporate Performance
investors should investigate each one separately
DIVIDEND RECORD
● one way comp reward stock investors for their investment is to pay them
dividends
● *dividing total cash dividends declared to common shareholders by net
income
($ in millions)
2011
2010
Payout Ratio
$569/$2,133 = 26
...
0%
EARNINGS PERFORMANCE
● Another way to measure corporate performance is through profitability is return
on common stockholders’ equity (ROE)
($ in millions)
2011
2010
Return on Common
$2,133$0/
$1,907$0/
Stockholder’s Equity
($9,843 + $9,754)/2 = 218%
($9,754 + $8,693
...
7%
DEBT VS EQUITY DECISION
bonds have 3 primary advantages
1
...
tax savings result
3
Title: Chapter 11
Description: College level course, Fundamentals of Accounting I, major course required for Business bachelor degree.
Description: College level course, Fundamentals of Accounting I, major course required for Business bachelor degree.